许秀华,许树根,梁 萌, 华锦程
·论 著·
肾小球PLA2R检测在膜性肾病诊断中的应用
许秀华,许树根,梁 萌, 华锦程
目的 分析血清抗M型磷脂酶A2受体(PLA2R)抗体、肾小球PLA2R表达及IgG亚型沉积在膜性肾病中的作用,探讨其在膜性肾病中的诊断价值。 方法 选取经肾活检术诊断的膜性肾病79例,其中特发性膜性肾病(IMN)65例,继发性膜性肾病(SMN)14例(其中11例Ⅴ型狼疮肾炎,2例乙型肝炎病毒相关性膜性肾病,1例梅毒相关性膜性肾病)。血清抗PLA2R抗体应用欧蒙间接免疫荧光实验(IIFT)检测,肾小球PLA2R表达及IgG亚型沉积采用免疫荧光法,并比较特发性膜性肾病和继发性膜性肾病2组患者临床资料是否有差异。 结果 65例IMN患者中,肾小球PLA2R表达阳性者57例(87.7%);血清抗PLA2R抗体阳性者47例(72.3%);IgG4亚型沉积阳性者59例(90.8%)。14例SMN患者肾小球PLA2R表达均阴性,血清抗PLA2R抗体阳性者2例(14.3%),IgG4亚型沉积阳性者4例(28.6%)。肾小球PLA2R表达阳性诊断IMN灵敏度为87.7%,特异度为100%;血清抗PLA2R抗体阳性诊断IMN灵敏度为72.3%,特异度为85.7%。IMN患者中肾小球PLA2R表达、血清抗PLA2R抗体、IgG4亚型沉积阳性比例高于SMN。2组患者临床资料在性别构成比存在统计学差异,年龄、白蛋白、血肌酐、总胆固醇、24小时尿蛋白定量、肾小球滤过率2组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 IMN患者中肾小球PLA2R表达阳性率高,在膜性肾病鉴别诊断中具有优势作用。
膜性肾病;抗M型磷脂酶A2受体;肾小球PLA2R;IgG4亚型
膜性肾病(membranous nephropathy,MN)是成人肾病综合征(nephrotic syndrome,NS)常见病因,特发性膜性肾病(idiopathic membranous nephropathy,IMN)占我国原发性NS的25%~30%[1]。Beck等[2]发现IMN主要靶抗原是抗M型磷脂酶A2受体(serum anti-M-type phospholipase A2 receptor,PLA2R),对鉴别诊断膜性肾病起了重要作用。有研究示血清抗PLA2R抗体表达阳性率52%~78%,同时显示在MN鉴别诊断中的不确定性,这种矛盾可能是由下列因素所致,如检测前免疫抑制剂的使用、血清抗PLA2R抗体检测明显滞后于肾小球PLA2R表达检测、存在其他未知膜性肾病相关抗原[2-6]。基于上述情况,本研究通过检测肾小球PLA2R表达、血清抗PLA2R抗体及IgG4亚型沉积相关性,评价其在膜性肾病诊断和鉴别诊断中的价值。
1.1 研究对象 解放军第174医院肾内科2013年1月至2015年12月肾活检证实为膜性肾病79例,其中特发性膜性肾病(IMN) 65例和继发性膜性肾病(secondary membranous nephropathy,SMN)14例。IMN组:男40例,女25例,年龄12~77岁,平均年龄(48.46±15.36)岁;SMN组:男3例,女11例,年龄23~72岁,平均年龄(39.50±14.07)岁。2组患者年龄比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),在性别构成上差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),SMN组患者性别构成上以女性为主,男/女比例为0.27,而IMN组比例为1.60。SMN包括Ⅴ型狼疮肾炎11例、乙型肝炎病毒相关性膜性肾病(HBV-MN)2例、梅毒感染相关膜性肾病1例。均无肾毒性药物应用史、未使用激素或免疫抑制剂;无肿瘤及重金属接触史;无心、脑、肝和造血系统等严重原发性疾病。
1.2 诊断标准 IMN:病理诊断为膜性肾病,临床排除系统性红斑狼疮、乙型肝炎病毒感染、肿瘤、其他自身免疫性疾病和药物所致的膜性肾病。膜性狼疮肾炎:依据美国风湿病协会1982年修订的系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematomus,SLE)分类标准[7-8],或国际合作组2012年修订的分类标准[9],病理类型参照文献[10](国际肾脏病学会ISN/RPS 2003年LN分型Ⅴ型,或Ⅲ型合并Ⅴ型,或Ⅳ型合并Ⅴ型)。HBV-MN诊断标准参照文献[11]:①血清乙型肝炎病毒抗原阳性;②病理诊断为不典型膜性肾病,肾组织切片可见HBsAg和(或)HBcAg阳性。感染相关性MN:①在肾脏病诊断之前、之中、之后明确诊断梅毒感染;②病理诊断为膜性肾病或不典型膜性肾病。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 实验室指标 分别应用溴钾酚酯法检测患者血清白蛋白,苦味酸法检测血肌酐,酶法检测总胆固醇,考马斯亮蓝法检测24小时尿蛋白定量,肾小球滤过率估算依据CKD-EPI公式[12]。
1.3.2 肾组织病理检查 分析入选患者肾脏病理检查结果。肾活检组织均常规行光镜、免疫荧光、电镜病理检查。
1.3.3 肾小球PLA2R表达及IgG亚型沉积 采取免疫荧光检查,根据荧光信号强度,分别记录为(-)至(4+)。
1.3.4 血清抗PLA2R抗体测定 采用间接免疫荧光法测定。试剂盒购自德国欧蒙公司,荧光显微镜(Olympus BX60)下观察结果。
1.4 诊断试验评价指标 灵敏度:真阳性/(真阳性+假阴性);特异度:真阴性/(假阳性+真阴性);阳性预测值:真阳性/(真阳性+假阳性);阴性预测值:真阴性/(假阴性+真阴性);符合率:(真阳性+真阴性)/(真阳性+假阳性+假阴性+真阴性)。
2.1 2组患者实验室指标 2组患者血浆白蛋白、血肌酐、总胆固醇、尿蛋白定量、肾小球滤过率(eGFR)的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。
项目IMN组(n=65)SMN组(n=14)t值P值白蛋白(g/L)26 48±5 9224 43±6 420 3290 568血肌酐(μmol/L)78 28±19 4278 54±17 900 0000 992总胆固醇(mmol/L)8 48±3 147 96±2 282 4830 119尿蛋白定量(g/24h)4 06±2 013 11±1 192 6600 107肾小球滤过率[mL/(min·1 73m2)]99 59±21 4596 48±24 401 0840 301
2.2 肾小球PLA2R表达、IgG4亚型沉积及血清抗PLA2R抗体检测结果 ①IMN组肾小球PLA2R表达阳性率87.7%(57/65),8例呈阴性;SMN组均阴性。②IMN组中肾小球IgG亚型沉积以IgG4沉积为主的阳性率90.8%(59/65),6例阴性;肾小球IgG亚型沉积以IgG1沉积为主的阳性率为7.7%(5/65),9例阴性。SMN组中IgG4沉积为主的阳性率28.6%(4/14),IgG1沉积为主的阳性率71.4%(10/14)。③血清抗PLA2R抗体:IMN组血清抗PLA2R抗体阳性率72.3%(47/65),18例呈阴性;SMN组阳性率14.3%(2/14),12例阴性。2.3 肾小球PLA2R表达及IgG4亚型沉积与血清抗PLA2R抗体联合检测结果 IMN组三者共阳性者占72.3%,共阴性者占7.7%。SMN组无三者共阳性者。
2.4 肾小球PLA2R表达及IgG4亚型沉积与血清抗PLA2R抗体的诊断价值 肾小球PLA2R表达阳性诊断IMN灵敏度为87.7%,特异度为100%;血清抗PLA2R抗体阳性诊断IMN灵敏度为72.3%,特异度为85.7%;肾小球PLA2R表达、血清抗PLA2R抗体及IgG4亚型沉积均阳性灵敏度为72.3%,特异度为100%,显示了单纯肾小球PLA2R表达阳性在膜性肾病鉴别诊断中的优势作用,见表2。肾小球PLA2R表达和血清抗PLA2R抗体诊断的曲线面积为0.980(95%CI为0.949~1.000)。见图1。
图1 肾小球PLA2R表达和血清抗PLA2R抗体诊断的ROC曲线
表2 肾小球PLA2R表达及IgG4亚型沉积与血清抗PLA2R抗体诊断试验评价指标结果
项目IMNSMN是否是否灵敏度特异度阳性预测值阴性预测值符合率肾PLA2R+5780140 8771 0001 0000 6360 899血PLA2R+47182120 7230 8570 9590 4000 747肾IgG4+5964100 9080 7140 9370 6250 873肾PLA2R+或抗PLA2R+或肾IgG4+614680 9380 5710 9100 6670 873肾PLA2R+和抗PLA2R+和肾IgG4+47180140 7231 0001 0000 4360 772
研究发现,特发性膜性肾病是一种免疫性疾病,存在自身抗原,M型PLA2R可能是成人特发性膜性肾病重要的靶抗原,而继发性膜性肾病可能与外来抗原相关[2,13]。还有研究发现,患者的病情、治疗情况对抗体阳性率有影响,低蛋白血症、eGFR受损程度越重、肾病范畴蛋白尿比例越高,即病情越活动、检测前未使用免疫抑制剂治疗的抗体阳性率越高,提示抗PLA2R抗体可反映特发性膜性肾病的活动性[14-15]。
有研究显示,抗PLA2R抗体的特异性在89%以上,但在狼疮性肾炎中几乎100%阴性[16-18]。我院采用免疫荧光法测定肾小球PLA2R表达情况,IMN阳性率为87.7%,SMN未见阳性病例,但有研究发现SMN存在肾小球PLA2R表达和IgG4亚型沉积均阳性现象,不排除MN与另一种疾病并存现象[19]。因本结果样本量较少,且SMN以系统性红斑狼疮为主,其中膜性狼疮肾炎(MLN)11例,SMN共14例,不排除继发因素病种集中于单一疾病所致结果偏差,考虑这也是导致双组病例在性别构成比存在差异的原因。
本研究旨在评估肾小球PLA2R表达及IgG4亚型沉积与血清抗PLA2R抗体的检测在MN中的诊断价值,结果显示了单纯肾小球PLA2R表达阳性在膜性肾病鉴别诊断中优于三者联合检测,有部分研究与本结果存在矛盾[14],在接下来的临床工作中将继续收集病例进行相关分析。
IMN组血清抗PLA2R抗体阳性率为72.3%,与文献报道基本一致(52%~74%)[4,19-22]。SMN组共14例,血清抗PLA2R抗体阳性2例,阳性率为14.3%,2012年瑞典学者采用上述方法测定25例MLN血清样本,血清抗PLA2R抗体均阴性。IMN组肾小球IgG4亚型沉积阳性率为90.8%,在血清抗PLA2R抗体阳性的IMN组中,IgG4亚型沉积阳性率为100%。肾小球PLA2R表达阳性的IMN组中,血清抗PLA2R抗体阳性率为82.5%(47/57),IgG4亚型沉积阳性率为96.5%(55/57),血清抗PLA2R抗体和IgG4亚型沉积均阳性的所占的比率为72.3%(47/65),证实抗PLA2R-IgG4是其主要致病抗体。IMN组中肾小球IgG亚型沉积以IgG4沉积为主的阳性率90.8%(59/65),而SMN组中IgG1沉积为主的阳性率71.4%(10/14),与国内相关研究结果相似[23]。在8例肾小球PLA2R表达阴性的IMN组中,血清抗PLA2R抗体也均为阴性,而肾小球IgG4亚型沉积阳性病例4例,出现上述现象考虑与疾病自发缓解、存在未知的继发因素有关。
本结果示肾小球PLA2R表达在鉴别IMN和SMN时,灵敏度为87.7%,特异度为100%,灵敏度及特异度均高于血清抗PLA2R抗体,尤其当需要排除继发因素影响时,是一个很好的指标。
本研究虽同时检测血清抗PLA2R抗体、肾小球PLA2R表达和IgG4亚型沉积三项指标,但例数较少,且继发性因素集中于SLE,还需收集更多病例来验证该结果。
[1] Li LS, Liu ZH. Epidemiologic date of renal disease from single unit in China: analysis based on 13,519 renal biopsies[J]. Kindey Int, 2004,66(3):920-923.
[2] Beck LH, Boneegio RG, Lambeau G,etal. M-type phospholipase A2 recepor as target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy[J]. N Engl J Med,2009,361(2):11-21.
[3] Hofstra JM, Beck LH, Beck DM,etal.Anti- phospholipase A2 recepor antibodies correlate with clinical status in idiopathic membranous nephropathy[J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2011,6(6):1286-1291.
[4] Hoxha E,Harendza S, Zahner G,etal.An immunofluorescence test for phospholipase A2 recepor antibodies and its clicinal usefulness in patients with membranous glomeruloneephritis[J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant,2011,26(8):2526-2532.
[5] Beck LH, Fervenza FC, Beck DM,etal.Rituximab-induced depletion of anti-PLA2R autobodies predictsresponsein membranous enphropathy[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol,2011,22(8):1543-1550.
[6] Debiec H, Ronco P. PLA2R autobodies and PLA2R glomerular deposits in membranous enphropathy[J]. N Engl J Med,2011,364(4):689-690.
[7] Tan EM, Cohen AS, Fries JF,etal. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification erythematusus[J]. Arthritis Rheum,1982,25(11):1271-1277.
[8] Hochberg MC. Updating of the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification erythematusus[J]. Arthritis Rheum,1997,40(9):1725.
[9] Petri M, Orbai AM, Alarcon GS,etal.Derivation and validation of the lupus international collaborating clinic classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus[J]. Arthritis Rheum,2012,64(8):2677-2686.
[10] Weening JJ, D Agati VD, Schwartz MM,etal. The classification of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus revisited[J]. Kindey Int,2004,65(2):521-530.
[11] 《中华内科杂志》编委会. 乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎座谈会纪要[J]. 中华内科杂志,1990, 29(9):519-521.
[12] Levey AS.Estimating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine and cystatin C[J]. N Engl J Med,2012,367(1):20-29.
[13] 周广宇,金 玲,于 晶,等.成人膜性肾病患者血清抗PLA2R抗体与病情的相关性[J]. 中华肾脏病杂志,2012,28(2):111-114.
[14] 林伟峰,李 航,李雪梅,等.抗磷脂酶A2受体抗体与特发性膜性肾病的关系[J]. 中华内科杂志,2015,54(9):783-788.
[15] Oh YJ, Yang SH, Kim DK,etal.Autoantibodies against phospholipase A2 receptor in Korean patients with membranous nephropathy[J]. PLoS One,2013,8(4):e62151.
[16] Gunnarsson I, Schlumberger W, Ronnelid J. Antibodies to M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) and membranous lupus nephritis[J]. Am J Kidney Dis,2012,59(4):585-586.
[17] Qin W, Beck LH Jr, Zeng C,etal. Anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibody in membranous nephropathy[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol,2011,22(6):1137-1143.
[18] Svobodova B, Honsova E, Ronco P,etal.Kidney biopsy is a sensitive tool forretrospective diagnosis of PLA2R-related membranous nephropathy[J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant,2013,28(7):1839-1844.
[19] Larsen CP, Messias NC, Silva FG,etal. Determination of primary versus secondary membranous glomerulopathy utilizing phospholipase A2 receptor staining in renalbiopsies[J]. Mod Pathol, 2013,26(5):709-715.
[20] Hoxha E, Kneissler U, Stege G,etal.Enhanced expression of the M-type phospholipase A2 receptor in glomeruli correlates with serum receptor antibodies in primarymembranous nephropathy [J]. Kindey Int,2012,82(7):797-804.
[21] Hofstra JM, Debiec H,Short CD,etal.Antiphospholipase A2 receptor antibody titer and subclass in idiopathic membranous nephropathy[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2012,23(10):1735-1743.
[22] 钱玉珺, 左 科,李世军,等.膜性肾病合并新月体形成的临床病理分析[N].医学研究生学报,2015, 28(12):1262-1267.
[23] 陈 幸, 蔡美顺,王 梅.不典型膜性肾病患者血清M型磷脂酶A2受体抗体及肾组织IgG亚型分布的研究[J]. 中华肾脏病杂志,2014,30(6):406-412.
(本文编辑:叶华珍; 英文编辑:王建东)
Application of glomerular PLA2R in the diagnosis of membranous nephropathy
XU Xiu-hua, XU Shu-gen, LIANG Meng, HUA Jin-cheng
(DepartmentofNephrology,the174thHospitalofPLA,Xiamen361001,Fujian,China)
Objective To analyze serum anti-M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) antibodies and glomerular deposition of PLA2R and IgG subclass in patients with membranous nephropathy (MN), explore its diagnostic value in membranous nephropathy. Methods 79 cases diagnosed by renal biopsy as membranous nephropathy were selected, 65 patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy and 14 patients with secondary membranous nephropathy (11 cases V-type lupus nephritis, 2 cases of hepatitis B virus-associated membranous nephropathy (HBV-MN), 1 case of syphilis-related membranous nephropathy). Serum anti-PLA2R antibody was detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIFT), glomerular PLA2R and IgG subtclass by immunofluorescence, and clinical data difference of the two groups were compared. Results In 65 cases with IMN, 57 patients were glomerular PLA2R positive, and the positive ratio was 87.7%; 47cases of serum anti PLA2R antibody were positive with the proportion of 72.3%; 59 cases of IgG4 subclass were positive with the positive ratio of 90.8%. 14 cases of glomerular PLA2R were negative. 2 case of serum antibody PLA2R were positive, and the positive ratio was 14.3%. 4 cases of IgG4 subclass were positive and the positive ratio was 28.6%. The sensitivity of glomerular PLA2R in diagnosing IMN was 87.7% and the specificity was 100%. The sensitivity of serum PLA2R in diagnosing IMN was 72.3% and the specificity was 85.7%. Positive ratio of glomerular PLA2R, serum PLA2R, IgG4 subclass in IMN patients was higher than in SMN. There was a statistically significant difference in sex composition between the two groups, Age, albumin, serum creatinine, total cholesterol, 24 hour proteinuria, and glomerular filtration rate were not significantly different. Conclusion Glomerular PLA2R has a high expression in IMN patients, which has a dominant role in the differential diagnosis of membranous nephropathy. [Key words] Membranous nephropathy; Anti PLA2R antibody; Glomerular PLA2R; IgG4 subtype
361001厦门,解放军第174医院肾内科
许树根,E-mail:xushugen1973@sina.com
许秀华,许树根,梁 萌,等.肾小球PLA2R检测在膜性肾病诊断中的应用[J].东南国防医药,2017,19(3): 254-257.
R692
A
1672-271X(2017)03-0254-04
10.3969/j.issn.1672-271X.2017.03.008
2016-09-26;
2017-04-17)