魅力词块，为写作锦上添花

文/肖 曙

魅力词块，为写作锦上添花

文/肖 曙

◆名师简介◆

肖曙，任教于娄底市第三中学，担任高中英语教学工作。在湖南省和娄底市的高中英语优质课竞赛中荣获一等奖。2016年8月，被评为娄底市首届高中英语骨干教师。所教班级多名学生高考英语成绩突破140分。论文《浅谈英语阅读理解教学》被国家基础教育实验中心评为一等奖。用渊博的知识去感召学生，用精湛的教艺去吸引学生，用美丽的微笑去赏识学生，用慈母般的爱心去抚慰学生，用激情的语言去鼓励学生。

词块，是语法、语义和语境的结合体，形式较为固定。词块是语言的半成品，在语言学习中的作用犹如建筑材料中的预制板，能够被整体学习并储存在记忆中。在使用时直接提取，同学们无需花时间根据语法规则组词造句，从而减少了语言表达的压力。同时，由于是整体提取，所选择的词语更符合英语语言习惯，有效避免了中式英语的困扰，提高了写作语言的准确性和地道性。因此，词块不仅能够提高语言资源信息处理的效率，而且能够提高语言输出和表达的流利性、准确性、地道性和生动性，增强英语学习的成就感。

责任编辑：李丁文

词块按照结构通常可以分为四类：一是多词组合，指具有习语性质的固定词组，如“in the middle of”“in fact”等；二是惯用表达式，指形式固定或半固定的具有语用功能的单词组合，如“It’s up toyou”“I don’t believe it”等；三是限制性短语，这类词块是由某些固定结构形成的框架式短语，语言使用者可以根据需要进行替换，如“on one’s way to”“to one’s surprise”等；四是句子框架结构，这类词块指为整个句子提供框架的词汇短语，如“Help yourself to some...”“It takes somebody some time to do something”等。

如何在实际英语学习中准确识别、理解、记忆和运用词块呢？

从教材中学习、总结和积累词块

教材的每个单元都以一个话题的形式来构建知识体系，通常与该话题相关的大量词汇、词组与句型将在一到两个星期之内，不断地在课堂教学时被师生复述，这有利于同学们以最快的速度积累相关场景的词块和语言范例。具体来看看译林出版社的八年级上第八单元的Reading部分（节选）。

The Taiwan Earthquake

It was about two o’clock in the early morning.I was sleeping when the earthquake started.At first,I felt a slight shake.Then I heard a loud noise like thunder.

Soon the realnoise came like bombs under the ground.The earth started to shake. People screamed in fear.Some ran out of the building.I tried my best to run out too,but I couldn’t.Outside,people were running in all directions while pieces of glass and bricks were falling down.Then the walls began to come down too!

Finally,the noise and shaking ended.It was dark and silent around me.I could not see anything atall,and Ididn’tknow if anyone else was near me.I felt nervous and my heart was beating fast.“I’m trapped,”I said to myself. A moment of fear went through my mind,but I told myself to calm down since I was still alive....

同学们在学习该语篇时，可以结合教材中对应的生词表，把上面画线部分的词块找出来。然后，根据所掌握的生词含义和语境来确定词块的含义。最后，根据关键词块的提示，复述或者背诵课文，加深印象，慢慢内化成自己的东西。多背诵经典篇章，是积累词块的好方法。背的东西多了，自然就会做到知识融会贯通。经典的语篇和词块，就像一粒粒种子，植入我们的心田，不一定马上就萌芽、开花、结果，但总有一天会的，只要碰到适宜的温度和湿度。

借助词典辨析和扩充词块

活学活用英语词典，可以培养良好的语言学习习惯。词典里有词汇的具体用法及相关词块的详细介绍和例句。词典就像是一个无声的老师，借助词典，同学们可以把跟某一词汇相关的词块集中起来，通过辨析来加深理解，通过对比记忆来实现词块的集群化记忆，达到扩充词块的目的。以动词look为例，在词典中有以下重要的词块（由两个词汇构成的）：look out，look after，look at，look around，look back，look up，look for，look into，look through等。当同学们准确记忆这些易混淆词块的含义后，遇到辨析类试题就轻松多了。

例 1（2016年河南卷） Almostevery university now has a website which allows us to ______the information about it.

A.look at B.look after

C.look around D.look through

解析：句意为：“现在几乎每个大学都有网站，允许我们在上面______有关它的信息。”Look at意为“看”；look after表示“照看”；look around的含义是“巡视”；look through意为“浏览”。根据语境可知，D项准确。

通过大量的课外阅读复现、内化词块

要学会一个英语单词或词块，学习者通常需要在不同的时间和语境中，见到过它6次以上，而且还需要有时间间隔的“重逢”才行。虽然英语教材在编写时会考虑到词汇复现的问题，但是重现率达到6次的比较少。这主要是因为教材要覆盖一定数量的话题，以满足不同学生的兴趣和爱好。也就是说，同一类型的词汇在教材某个单元中往往昙花一现，下一个单元就会进入其他话题的讨论。而英语名著的简写本和英文报刊的某些专栏就不一样，在相当长的篇幅里持续讲述同一个话题，会不断重复某些核心词。所以，同学们要加强课外阅读，最好能在老师的指导下进行适当的专题阅读。例如在某一段时间内，追踪某个特定事件的新闻报道，这样有更多机会碰到同一个话题的某些核心词块，对于内化词块的运用效果更好。

例2（2016年衡阳卷）荣光学校九年级（2）班就环境问题召开了一次班会，并且以“OurEnvironmentin Ten Years:forBetter or Worse”为题进行了一次讨论。许多同学表示对未来乐观，但也有些同学对未来有些担心。请根据表格中的内容提示，用英文写一篇短文。

提示：1）短文中不得出现真实的人名和地名；2）短文中应包含4个要点；3）书写工整，语句通顺，连贯，词数不少于80个。注意：文章开头已给出，不计入总词数。参考词汇：optimistic adj.乐观的；government n.政府；take measures to采取措施；private adj.私有的。

Many students are optimistic about environment in ten years._______________

解析：同学们在确定写作要点后，最关键的一步就是运用词块来搭建句子的主体，保证写作的准确性。如：越来越多的人more and more people；环保主义者volunteers to protect environment；采取更多的措施take more measures to do sth.；改善环境improve the environment；大量的树木a large number of trees；被砍伐be cut down；私家车private cars等。用这些关键的词块来扩充句子，文章会更准确、流利和地道。

附参考答案：Many students are optimisticabout environment in ten years.In fact,they think that the world will be abetterplace than itisnow.Moreand morepeopleare becoming volunteers to protect environment. Thegovernmentwilltakemoremeasuresto improve the environment.

However, other students are worried aboutthe future.A large numberoftrees will be cut down.Private cars will be more and more.Theysaytheworld willbecome more crowded．

But in myopinion,Ithink weshould plantmore treesand pick up litteraround us.We work together to protect our homes.

南京大学丁言仁教授对21世纪杯全国英语演讲比赛和 CCTV杯全国英语演讲比赛优胜者的研究发现，成功的英语学习者身上具有惊人的相同的学习经历：诵读过多位名人演讲稿；阅读、背诵过大量优美文章；注重背书的语音语调与录音一致；听和模仿英语广播或录音磁带；观看和模仿英语电影和电视剧；记忆大量完整的词块；关注词块的功能及其出现的语境。由此可见，充分利用词块进行记忆与模仿，能更有效地提高英语应用的各项能力。

【链接】

最后，请同学们体会一下王敏同学写的一篇英语日记，画线部分为词块的运用。

Rain

Ilove the rain!Rain iswonderful!It brings special things for us to see and hear. When Iwasyoung,Ineverwentoutside when it rained.My mother never let me.I would look out of my window and watch the rain come down. Sometimes children in raincoats would walk by.How Iwished I could be outside,too!

One summer I went to visit my uncle. There were many tall trees behind his house. I could hardly wait to explore it.

On the firstmorning Iwoke up very early.Then I heard it.Rain was beating on the roof and tapping at the windows.

“Oh,no!It’sraining.And Ihave to stay inside!”I said to my uncle.

“Stay in!Why？”said my uncle.“Rain is fun,Xiaoming.Come on － I’llshow you.”

Uncle and I took off our shoes and ran outside.The trees looked so wonderful.Small drops of water were on the leaves and grass.

Three birds were splashing in a big puddle.“When it rains,every puddle becomes a good place for birds,”said Uncle.

The sound of singing and splashing filled the air.“Justlisten,” Isaid.“The birds have a special rain song.”

When wegotback tothehouse,my uncle made some hot tea.We drank it and listened to the rain.We listened to its tap, tap on the roof.We heard its beautiful sound on the windows.“The rain makes its own music,” uncle said.“Why don’twe write something about rain？”

“Why not？”said I.“I’ll get paper and a pen.We’ll begin right away！”

点评：作者通过优美的文笔、细腻的描写、富有哲理性的语言，将一个深刻的、具有广泛性的社会现象推到读者的面前。令人读来回味深长。作为一篇优秀的初中生习作，词块在其中所起的作用功不可没。