郝婷婷,马晓鹏,戴光荣,文 铁,李 路
延安大学附属医院 1. 消化内科; 2. 儿科; 3. CT室, 陕西 延安 716000; 4. 西安交通大学附属医院消化内科
肝硬化门静脉高压患者食管静脉曲张CT表现预测首次上消化道出血的价值
郝婷婷1,马晓鹏2,戴光荣1,文 铁3,李 路4
延安大学附属医院 1. 消化内科; 2. 儿科; 3. CT室, 陕西 延安 716000; 4. 西安交通大学附属医院消化内科
目的 观察肝硬化门静脉高压患者食管静脉曲张的CT表现,并对首次上消化道出血的风险进行预测。方法 选取延安大学附属医院肝硬化患者,根据是否存在门静脉高压,是否有门静脉高压并发食管静脉曲张破裂致上消化道出血进行分组,全部患者进行CT扫描,对静脉截面数量、门静脉主干、门静脉左支、门静脉右支、胃底静脉的直径进行测量。结果 肝硬化门静脉高压患者中有63.1%患有食管静脉曲张,这些患者中有86.8%出现上消化道出血,无食管静脉曲张者仅9.7%出现上消化道出血。食管静脉曲张组较对照组静脉截面数多,门静脉主干、门静脉左支、门静脉右支和胃底静脉的直径均大于对照组(P<0.05)。食管静脉曲张组出血者的静脉截面数多于未出血者,出血者门静脉主干、门静脉左支、门静脉右支和胃底静脉的直径均大于未出血者(P<0.05)。结论 门静脉高压是肝硬化发展的一个主要危险因子,可引发食管静脉曲张,导致上消化道出血。在临床中,可以用肝硬化门静脉高压食管静脉曲张患者的CT图来预测上消化道出血。
肝硬化;门静脉高压; 食管静脉曲张; 上消化道出血
肝硬化是西方国家成人死亡的十大原因之一,是西班牙肝移植的主要原因[1]。肝硬化晚期并发症可导致较高的住院率和卫生资源消耗。因此,诸多学者致力于相关治疗的研究[2]。肝硬化是一种以瘢痕组织积聚(纤维性结节)为特征的慢性病变,使肝脏的正常结构和功能发生改变,瘢痕组织的积聚妨碍肝内组织的血液循环,导致门静脉高压,为了缓解静脉压力,在肝外产生侧支血管。而肝硬化患者的侧支血管在食管和胃形成静脉曲张,这些静脉非常脆弱,易发生破裂,导致难以制止的大出血。在我国肝硬化门静脉高压患者出现食管静脉曲张的概率为85%,而食管静脉曲张破裂引发的上消化道大出血的概率为20%,首次上消化道出血引起的死亡率高达30%[3]。因此,临床上可根据肝硬化门静脉高压来预测食管静脉曲张引起的上消化道出血,降低出血发生率和死亡率,为临床应用提供参考。
1.1 一般资料选取2010年3月-2015年5月入住延安大学附属医院肝硬化门静脉高压患者84例,男60例,女24例,年龄23~82岁,平均年龄(48.00±6.45)岁,其中伴有食管静脉曲张者53例作为食管静脉曲张组,剩余患者作为对照组。食管静脉曲张患者出现上消化道出血者46例,无食管静脉曲张患者出现上消化道出血者3例。其中慢性肝炎后肝硬化患者61例,酒精性肝硬化18例,原发性肝硬化5例,患者无肾功能不全及对碘过敏者,两组患者的一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 方法仪器采用西门子Sensation 64层螺旋CT扫描仪,选用碘普罗胺300注射液(优维显),常用量60~80 ml,用压力注射器以3.5 ml/s速度注入,注射后行常规腹部CT扫描,管电流500 mA,最大球管电压140 kV,最大扫描厚度12 mm,最薄扫描厚度0.75 mm。食管X线检查,先进行食管钡餐,钡餐浓度为200%(W/V)。得到的CT图用图像处理软件进行
处理,对静脉截面数量、门静脉主干、门静脉左支、门静脉右支、胃底静脉的直径进行测量,测量3次,取平均值。
2.1 肝硬化门静脉高压患者出血情况肝硬化门静脉高压患者中53例(63.1%)患有食管静脉曲张,其中86.8%(46/53)的患者出现上消化道出血,无食管静脉曲张的患者仅9.7%(3/31)出现上消化道出血,食管静脉曲张与门静脉压力呈一定正比关系(R=0.452,P<0.05)。
2.2 食管静脉曲张组与对照组各项观察指标的比较食管静脉曲张组的静脉截面数多于对照组,门静脉主干、门静脉左支、门静脉右支和胃底静脉的直径均大于对照组(P<0.05)。食管静脉曲张组出血者的脉截面数多于未出血者,出血者门静脉主干、门静脉左支、门静脉右支和胃底静脉的直径均大于未出血者(P<0.05)。对照组出血者的脉截面数多于未出血者,出血者门静脉主干、门静脉左支、门静脉右支和胃底静脉的直径均大于未出血者,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,见表1)。
2.3 敏感度、特异度及ROC曲线肝硬化门静脉高压食管静脉曲张患者静脉截面数量、门静脉主干、门静脉左支、门静脉右支、胃底静脉的直径与上消化道出血有相关性(见表2、图1)。
注:与对照组比较,*P<0.05;与本组出血者比较,ΔP<0.05。
表2 两组敏感度和特异度比较
Tab 2 Comparison of sensitivity and specificity between two groups
食管静脉曲张组静脉截面门静脉主干门静脉左支门静脉右支胃底静脉对照组静脉截面门静脉主干门静脉左支门静脉右支胃底静脉敏感度0.540.830.800.870.800.330.330.670.330.67特异度0.570.570.860.430.570.540.790.390.500.54
注:1: 静脉截面; 2: 门静脉主干; 3: 门静脉左支; 4: 门静脉右支; 5: 胃底静脉
肝硬化门静脉高压症发展到中晚期,会相继出现一系列并发症,包括食管胃底静脉曲张并发的上消化道大出血、脾功能亢进、腹膜腔感染、胃肠功能失调等[4]。如果这些并发症得不到有效的预防和正确的治疗,不但会影响患者的生活质量,而且会威胁着患者的生命[5]。这些并发症在性质上虽是良性的,但其后果是严重的,预防和治疗这些并发症的发生和发展是重要的医学课题[6]。上消化道出血以往检查用的是内镜,给患者带来诸多不适,本研究重在用CT来预测上消化道出血,可方便快捷的检查患者病情。
由于肝硬化、肝癌患者肝脏功能损伤导致凝血功能障碍及脾亢进从而引起血小板的减少,食管静脉曲张患者一旦发生破裂,不容易止血,更易引起肝昏迷,甚则死亡,而且死亡率比较高[7],静脉曲张出血患者的死亡率远高于门脉高压性胃病患者的急性出血[8]。因此术前对食管静脉曲张的诊断具有重要意义。
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(责任编辑:王全楚)
CT findings of esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension predict the risk of bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract for the first time
HAO Tingting1, MA Xiaopeng2, DAI Guangrong1, WEN Tie3, LI Lu4
1. Department of Gastroenterology; 2. Department of Pediatrics; 3. Department of CT Room, Affiliated Hospital of Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000; 4. Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, China
Objective To investigate the CT findings of esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension, and to predict the risk of bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract for the first time. Methods Cirrhosis patients in the Affiliated Hospital of Yan’an University were selected. Based on the presence or absence of portal hypertension, whether there was a portal hypertension complicated with esophageal varices rupture caused hemorrhage of upper digestive tract were divided into different groups. All patients for CT scanning, the number of venous cross section, portal vein, the left branch of the portal vein, the right branch of the portal vein, gastric fundus vein diameter were measured.Results Esophageal varices were present in 63.1% of cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension, with an upper gastrointestinal bleeding of up to 86.8% in these patients, only 9.7% of the patients withont esophageal varices had upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Compared with the control group, the number venous aross section was more in esophageal varices group, portal vein, the left branch of the portal vein, the right branch of the portal vein, gastric fundus vein diameter were larger (P<0.05). The number of venous sections, portal vein, the left branch of the portal vein, the right branch of the portal vein and gastric fundus vein diameter were more in patients with esophageal vances bleeding than those of without hemorrhage (P<0.05).Conclusion Portal hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of cirrhosis, which can lead to esophageal varices, cause the digestive tract hemorrhage. In clinic, CT in patients of liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension and esophageal varices can predict upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Cirrhosis; Portal hypertension; Esophageal varices; Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
郝婷婷,主治医师,研究方向:肝脏疾病的相关诊断与治疗。E-mail:haott2316@126.com
1.3969/j.issn.1007-5709.2017.01.009
R575.2
A
1006-5709(2017)01-0029-03
2016-02-02