庄国斌++吴晓民+朱梅红++王秀春+郑通美
[摘要] 目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者干眼的患病率及其与糖尿病视网膜病变的相关性。 方法 对363例住院2型糖尿病患者通过询问和病历回顾获得所有患者的临床资料,包括性别、年龄、病程、糖基化血红蛋白和其他疾病史,同时进行干眼的相关检查和对糖尿病视网膜病变进行分级。 结果 363例2型糖尿病患者中干眼97例,干眼总患病率为26.7%。2型糖尿病患者干眼的患病率和性别无关,与病程相关。无糖尿病视网膜病变(no diabetic retinopathy,NDR)组、非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变(non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy,NPDR)组及增生性糖尿病视网膜病变(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)组的干眼患病率分别为15.6%、28.7%及46.7%,三组间两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。HbA1c≤7%组干眼的患病率为20.5%,HbA1c >7%组干眼的患病率为34.8%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论 2型糖尿病患者干眼的患病率和糖尿病视网膜病变的严重程度、HbA1c相关,PDR及高HbA1c患者更易发生干眼。
[关键词] 干眼;糖尿病视网膜病变;糖基化血红蛋白;2型糖尿病
[中图分类号] R587.2;R774.1 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2016)35-0068-03
Study on the correlation between dry eye and diabetic retinopathy in the patients with type 2 diabetes
ZHUANG Guobin WU Xiaomin ZHU Meihong WANG Xiuchun ZHENG Tongmei
Department of Ophthalmology, Quanzhou First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
[Abstract] Objective To study the correlation between the prevalence of dry eye and diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods The clinical data of 363 inpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were collected by questionnaires and medical records, including gender, age, duration, glycosylated hemoglobin and other diseases. At the same time, dry eye-related examination and classification of diabetic retinopathy were carried out. Results Among the 363 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 97 patients were with dry eyes and the total prevalence rate of dry eye was 26.7%. The prevalence rate of dry eye in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was not associated with gender and was associated with disease duration. The prevalence of dry eye in no diabetic retinopathy(NDR) group, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR) group and proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR) group was 15.6%, 28.7% and 46.7% respectively. Any of two groups among the three groups were compared, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). The prevalence rate of dry eye was 20.5% in HbA1c≤7% group and 34.8% in HbA1c> 7% group. There was statistical significance between the two groups(P<0.05). Conclusion The prevalence rate of dry eye in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the severity of diabetic retinopathy are related to HbA1c. PDR and higher HbA1c are more likely to induce dry eye.
[Key words] Dry eye; Diabetic retinopathy; Glycosylated hemoglobin; Type 2 diabetes mellitus
糖尿病是一種常见的全身疾病,其特征是慢性高血糖引起全身并发症。糖尿病可伴随很多眼部并发症,包括白内障、青光眼、视网膜病变、点状角膜病变和复发性角膜上皮糜烂[1,2]。干眼是成人常见的眼部疾病。糖尿病患者由于代谢异常或泪液分泌异常可有干眼的表现。研究表明糖尿病患者泪液蛋白组成与正常人不同[3,4]。既往有研究探讨干眼、糖尿病和糖尿病视网膜病变的关系[5-8],然而诊断干眼的方法和标准不同,导致干眼的患病率不同,并且对干眼和糖尿病视网膜病变与糖尿病控制的相关性并不清楚。本研究目的是探讨2型糖尿病患者干眼和糖尿病视网膜病变与糖尿病控制的相关性。
1 资料与方法
1.1一般资料
选取我院内分泌科2014年6~9月住院2型糖尿病患者363例,其中男168例,女195例,年龄35~72岁,平均(52.2±8.3)岁。通过询问和病历回顾获得所有患者的临床资料,包括性别、年龄、病程、糖基化血红蛋白和其他疾病史。纳入标准:内分泌科确诊为2型糖尿病的住院患者。排除标准:有角膜接触镜佩戴史、角膜激光手术史、眼外伤病史、眼部激光或其他手术史、Sjogren综合征或类风湿性关节炎病史及有继发糖尿病或其他影响泪液分泌的疾病者。
1.2 干眼评估
参照2013年中华医学会眼科学分会角膜病学组的干眼临床诊疗专家共识[9],通过询问自觉症状、裂隙灯检查、角膜荧光染色、泪膜破裂时间检查和泪液分泌试验评估干眼。
1.3 糖尿病视网膜病变的评估
根据2002年糖尿病视网膜病变的国际临床分级标准[10],散瞳后Zeiss裂隙灯下90DVolk前置镜观察眼底,对糖尿病视网膜病变分级。根据眼底病变程度分为无糖尿病视网膜病变组(NDR组)、非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变组(NPDR组)和增生性糖尿病视网膜病变组(PDR)组,双眼分级不同,以较重眼进行分组,其中NDR组179例,NPDR组94例,PDR组90例。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS12.0统计学软件对数据进行处理,计数资料采用χ2检验,计量资料采用t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 一般资料分析
363例2型糖尿病患中干眼97例,干眼总的患病率为26.7%,其中男性168例中干眼35例,干眼患病率为20.8%,女性195例中干眼62例,干眼患病率为31.8%,两者比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。201例病程>10年的患者中干眼68例,干眼的患病率33.8%,162例病程≤10年的患者中干眼29例,干眼的患病率17.9%,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
2.2 糖尿病视网膜病变与干眼的相关性
無DR组、NPDR组及PDR组干眼的患病率分别为15.6%、28.7%及46.7%,三组间两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),说明糖尿病患者干眼的患病率与糖尿病视网膜病变严重程度相关,PDR组患病率更高。见表1。
2.3 HbA1c与干眼的相关性
HbA1c≤7%组干眼的患病率为20.5%,HbA1c>7%组干眼的患病率为34.8%。两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),说明糖尿病患者的患病率与HbA1c相关,HbA1c>7%组干眼的患病率更高。见表2。
3讨论
干眼已成为影响人们生活质量的一类常见眼部疾病。近年来干眼在我国的发病率逐渐上升。干眼是一种由于泪液分泌过少或蒸发过多导致眼表损害和眼部不适症状的疾病[11]。本研究中2型糖尿病患者干眼的患病率是26.7%。Seifartu等[6]报道干眼的患病率为70%。Laily Najafi等[12]采用检测泪液渗透压的方法,发现2型糖尿病干眼的患病率为27.7%。不同研究用于诊断干眼的方法和标准不同,可能影响已报道的2型糖尿病干眼的患病率。本研究NDR组、NPDR组及PDR组干眼的患病率分别为15.6%、28.7%及46.7%,糖尿病视网膜病变患者,尤其是增生性糖尿病视网膜病变患者更容易发生干眼。与先前研究[7,8]报道一致,认为干眼和糖尿病视网膜病变程度相关。
糖尿病患者干眼的发生主要是泪液分泌减少引起,而不是角膜表面的不稳定[13]。糖尿病患者泪液分泌减少的可能机制是泪腺微血管的损伤和自主神经病变导致泪腺功能损害[14]。糖尿病相关的角膜感觉神经病变通过降低角膜表面的刺激减少角膜神经支配和泪液分泌[15]。另外糖尿病干眼患者结膜中炎症细胞因子白细胞介素-1-β和肿瘤坏死因子-α升高也可能是糖尿病干眼发病的重要因素[16]。
有报道糖尿病的病程是2型糖尿病干眼的危险因素[17]。随着糖尿病病程的延长,糖尿病微血管病变的患病率升高[8],这些患者干眼的患病率增加。本研究病程大于10年干眼的患病率明显增加。另外本研究HbA1c >7%组干眼的患病率明显增加。HbA1c反映过去3个月平均血糖。Nepp J等[8]的研究也表明干眼的严重程度和糖尿病视网膜病变的严重程度相关,而且与血糖控制相关。研究表明由于高的细胞外液体渗透压干扰了泪液的产生,糖尿病患者血糖控制不佳更容易发生干眼,而且通常发生于高血糖期间[6,8,17,18]。
严重的糖尿病干眼可引起眼表异常,如表层点状上皮糜烂、上皮缺损、角膜溃疡,继发感染。因此临床应重视2型糖尿病患者干眼的诊断和治疗,及早诊断和及时治疗。
[参考文献]
[1] Inoue K,Kato S,Ohara C,et al. Ocular and systemic factors relevant to diabetic keratoepitheliopathy[J]. Cornea,2001,20(8):798-801.
[2] Rehany U,Ishii Y,Lahav,et al. Ultrastructural changes in corneas of diabetic patients[J]. Cornea,2000,19(4):534-538.
[3] Herber S,Grus FH,Sabuncuo P,et al. Two-dimensional analysis of tear protein patterns of diabetic patients[J]. Electrophoresis,2001,22(9):1838-1844.
[4] Herber S,Grus FH,Sabuncuo P,et al. Changes in the tear protein patterns of diabetic patients using two dimensional electrophoresis[J]. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology,2002,506(pt A):623-626.
[5] Moss SE,Klein R,Klein BE. Prevalence of and risk factors for dry eye syndrome[J]. Archives of Ophthalmology,2000,118(9):1264-1268.
[6] Seifart U,Strempel I. Trockenes Auge und Diabetes mellitus[The dry eye and diabetes mellitus][J]. Der Ophthalmologe,1994,91(2):235-239.
[7] Masoud Reza Manaviate,Maryam Rashidi,Mohammad Afkhami-Ardekani,et al. Prevalence of dry eye syndrome and diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients[J]. BMC Ophthalmology,2008,8(1):10.
[8] Nepp J,Abela C,Polzer I,et al. Is there a correlation between the severity of diabetic retinopathy and keratoconjunctivitis sicca[J]. Cornea,2000,19(4):487-491.
[9] 中華医学会眼科学分会角膜病学组. 干眼临床诊疗专家共识[J]. 中华眼科杂志,2013,49(1):73-75.
[10] Wilkison CP,Ferris FL,Klein RE,et al. Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales[J]. Ophthalmology,2003, 110(9):1677-1682.
[11] Foulks GN,Lemp MA. Report of the 2007 International Dry Eye Workshop(DEWS)Glossary[J]. Ocular Surface,2007,5(2):73-74.
[12] Laily Najafil,Malek M,Valojerdil AE,et al. Dry eye disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus;comparison of the tear osmolarity test with other common diagnostic tests:A diagnostic accuracy study using STARD standard[J]. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders,2015,14:39.
[13] Yoon KC,Im SK,Seo MS. Changes of tear film and ocular surface indiabetes mellitus[J]. Korean J Ophthalmol,2004,18(2):168-174.
[14] Song XJ,Li DQ,Farley W,et al. Neurturin-deficient mice develop dry eye and keratoconjunctivitis sicca[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2003,44(10):4223-4229.
[15] Saito J,Enoki M,Hara M,et al. Correlation of corneal sensation,but not of basal or reflex tear secretion, with the stage of diabetic retinopathy[J]. Cornea,2003,22(1):15-18.
[16] Chen Zhang,Lei Xi,Shaozhen Zhao,et al. Interleukin-1-βand tumor necrosis factor-α level in conjunctiva of diabetic patients with symptomatic moderate dry eye:Case-control study[J]. BMJ Open 2016,6(8):e010979.
[17] Kaiserman I,Kaiserman N,Nakar S,et al. Dry eye in diabetic patients[J]. Am J Ophthalmol,2005,139(3):498-503.
[18] Binder A,Maddison PJ,Skinner P,et al. Sj?觟grens syndrome:Association with type-1 diabetes mellitus Dry eye in diabetic patients[J]. Br J Rheumatol,1989,28(6):518-520.
(收稿日期:2016-08-28)