王奕智 综述 葛春林 审校
·综 述·
L1细胞黏附分子在胰腺癌侵袭转移作用机制的研究进展*
王奕智 综述 葛春林 审校
胰腺癌是当今世界上死亡率最高的肿瘤之一。以其早期症状不明显、诊断手段缺乏、肿瘤标志物不特异、容易发生早期淋巴结转移以及晚期难以手术治愈而被称为“癌中之王”。由于胰腺癌手术治疗晚期癌症疗效不佳及对放化疗方案的耐药性,目前对于胰腺癌靶向治疗的研究越来越多。L1细胞黏附分子(L1CAM)是细胞黏附分子免疫球蛋白超家族中的一员,通常表达于正常的神经组织中。近年来的研究表明,L1CAM在胰腺癌细胞中表达异常增多,并且可以与α5-integrin结合,作用于下游TGF-β1/ JUK/slug通路,激活下游肿瘤侵袭转移相关因子,介导肿瘤细胞的上皮间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal tromsition,EMT)、耐药性以及异常血管生成等方面的效应,从而促进胰腺癌细胞的侵袭转移。因此,深入的研究和实验或许可以促进胰腺癌未来的治疗发展,为胰腺癌提供一个新的治疗手段。
胰腺癌 L1细胞黏附分子 侵袭 转移
胰腺癌是世界上十大最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,患者平均生存率不足6个月,确诊后的5年生存率<5%[1]。在我国,胰腺癌业已成为第六大致死性肿瘤。由于胰腺癌早期症状缺乏,易发生侵袭转移,晚期能够产生耐药性,故总体治愈率不高[1-2]。L1细胞黏附分子(L1CAM或CD171)是细胞黏附分子免疫球蛋白超家族中的一员,通常表达于正常的神经组织中,并在神经系统的发育中起重要作用。最近有研究发现,L1CAM具有多种生物活性,并且在已知的多种病变组织中也有一定的表达。例如在多种肿瘤细胞中[3-6],L1CAM呈现不同程度的异常表达,其中包括人类脑胶质瘤、非小细胞肺癌、卵巢癌及结直肠癌。L1CAM在肿瘤组织与胰腺癌细胞系中的表达与肿瘤预后不良密切相关[7-8]。联合应用L1CAM抗体和吉西他滨或紫杉醇相较单独应用细胞毒性化疗药物,能更加有效地延缓严重联合免疫缺陷小鼠模型皮下Colo357胰腺癌细胞系的生长速度[9],由此证明L1CAM在胰腺癌发生中的重要作用。本文就近年来关于L1CAM在胰腺癌侵袭转移中作用机制的研究做一综述,希望能够阐明L1CAM在胰腺癌治疗中的重要作用,为胰腺癌的治疗增加一个新的靶点。
L1CAM属于免疫球蛋白超家族中的一员,是长度为200~220 kDa的跨膜糖蛋白。其中包含6个球蛋白样区域和5个Ⅲ型纤连蛋白重复区,之后连接一个跨膜区和一个高度保守的胞质尾区[10]。除了上述的这种全长型L1CAM,另外一种剪接变异型L1CAM则缺乏2号外显子,存在27号外显子。虽然在非神经组织中,后一种类型表达居多,但在肿瘤的发生发展中,全长型L1CAM的表达才真正起到关键作用[11]。全长型L1CAM的Ig6区上,存在Arg-Gly-Asp(RGD)蛋白序列区支持L1CAM与整合素相互结合发挥生物学作用[12]。同时有报道称,在L1胞外区上存在构象变化区域能够直接与Ⅲ型纤连蛋白的第三区相互作用调节受体多聚化和整合素募集。胞外区另外一个特点是同质性结合位点以及成纤维细胞生长因子受体(FGFR)同源区[13]。L1CAM的跨膜编码区位于25号外显子上,羰基端胞内区由26、27、28号外显子编码[14]。除同质性结合之外,L1CAM还可以异质性结合许多其他类型的蛋白分子,包括L1CAM家族的其他成员、背中线球蛋白相关轴突表面蛋白、神经蛋白聚糖、层纤连蛋白以及多种整合素[15],这些异质性结合可以促进神经外生。
L1CAM最初被认为在神经组织的发育和再生中起作用[16],而且能够促进神经的外生、集束、突触形成以及神经细胞在发育神经及成人大脑中的存活[17],因此编码L1CAM的基因变异往往会导致许多疾病的发生,如胼胝体发育不全、神经发育迟缓、痉挛性截瘫、拇指内收、强直状态以及脑积水(CRASH综合征)[18]。除了表达在正常与异常的神经组织当中,L1CAM近来也越来越多地被发现表达于诸多癌细胞系与肿瘤组织当中[19],而高水平L1CAM的表达往往意味着患者预后不良,生存时间较短。
近年来大量研究发现,L1CAM不仅在正常神经系统中起作用,同时也能够促进肿瘤的发生发展。过表达的L1CAM已经被证明可以促进肿瘤的增殖[20]。另外,有研究还表明抑制L1CAM的表达可以减缓胆管癌[21]及卵巢癌[22]的增殖。有研究利用延时及流式细胞周期分析法,证明L1CAM能够通过纤维母细胞生长因子受体(FGFR),增加胶质瘤细胞的移动及增殖能力。L1CAM同时在肿瘤的侵袭与转移中发挥作用。在肿瘤的转移灶以及原发肿瘤的侵袭部位,都发现了高表达水平的L1CAM[23-24]。而在肿瘤的上皮间质转化(EMT)中,L1CAM也起到重要的作用。在对子宫内膜癌的研究中发现,L1CAM表达于肿瘤的侵袭部位,而E-钙黏蛋白表达缺失,这成为L1CAM可以促进肿瘤EMT发生的一个重要证据[25-26]。
随着L1CAM在肿瘤细胞中的异常表达被逐渐证实,L1CAM在胰腺癌中的作用也越发重要。在一项针对107例手术切除的PDAC组织进行免疫组织化学的实验中发现,107例PDAC组织标本中,23例组织L1CAM免疫组织化学阳性,而其中大多数(21例)显示L1CAM主要表达在胰腺癌组织向外侵袭的部分。并且证明L1CAM的阳性率与胰腺癌的组织分期,淋巴结转移及远处转移关系密切。在一项多变量分析中,L1CAM的阳性表达与患者生存率缩短相一致(P=0.000 2),并在多变量分析中意义显著(P= 0.009)[27]。在一项囊括123例胰腺癌前病变、原发胰腺导管腺癌(PDAC)以及胰腺癌肝转移组织的大样本队列试验中,原发PDAC中L1CAM免疫组织化学阳性率达92.7%,淋巴结转移达80.0%,肝转移率100%[28]。另外,Ben等[29]研究发现,L1CAM阳性表达与胰腺癌淋巴结转移(P=0.007)、血行播散(P=0.012)以及周围神经转移(P=0.001)有关。研究表明,L1CAM在胰腺癌中主要通过以下几种途径促进癌细胞的侵袭转移。
2.1 1L1CAM与EMT
肿瘤的发生发展与EMT密不可分。EMT分为3种类型,其中Ⅲ型EMT与肿瘤的转移扩散存在密切关系,而转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)信号通路被认为在EMT中扮演重要角色[30]。Geismann等[31]研究表明,正常胰腺导管细胞系H6c7与间质胰腺成肌纤维细胞(PMF)共培养时发现,PMF分泌的TGF-β1可刺激L1CAM的表达,从而使正常的H6c7细胞系获得转移增强的表现型,另外在自分泌TGF-β1的胰腺癌细胞系Colo357和Panc-1的实验中同样证明了这一点。但TGF-β1下游通路却并不通过经典的smad 2/ 3,而是通过JUK/slug通路介导L1CAM的产生。Western blot检测表明,共培养细胞H6c7co失去了E-钙黏蛋白而表达大量波形蛋白,这正是细胞EMT增强的表现。在动物实验中,种植正常H6c7细胞系后,6只小鼠仅有2只表现微小病变;种植H6c7co的8只小鼠中7只出现胰腺肿瘤的生长,且通过抗体抑制L1CAM表达能够显著减少细胞生长和转移[32]。为了证明slug是与L1CAM基因直接相互作用来激活L1CAM的表达,利用生物工程学预测出slug与L1CAM启动子上可能的结合位点,之后利用siRNA干扰上述预测位点1241和433确实可使L1CAM的表达减少,由此说明slug可通过结合L1CAM启动子直接诱导L1CAM的生成[33]。后续的研究表明,TGF-β1不仅可以通过JUK/slug通路介导EMT,同时还可以通过促进胰腺癌细胞IL-1β和NF-kB的激活起到同样效果。在实验中,阻断L1CAM表达能够减少TGF-β1介导的IL-1β分泌以及NF-kB的激活,而通过小白菊内酯抑制NF-kB的活性同样可以抑制癌细胞的侵袭和转移,说明NF-kB在肿瘤转移侵袭中也扮演着重要角色[34]。另有国内的研究表明,运用构建质粒转导痘病毒技术及Western blot、PCR等技术证明L1CAM不通过TGF-β1途径,而是p38/ERK1/2信号通路调节癌细胞侵袭转移[35]。
2.2 L1CAM与血管异常生成
胰腺癌的侵袭转移离不开肿瘤内新生血管的生成,而血管生成主要由众多生长因子及相关受体酪氨酸激酶所调控[36],其中最重要的调控成血管细胞分化和血管生成的因子当属VEGF蛋白家族以及其受体。在VEGF亚型中,VEGF-A明显增加胰腺癌细胞的运动性,在诱导胰腺癌细胞的迁徙和转移方面起重要作用,VEGF-A阳性的患者预后比较差[37]。另外,许多蛋白分子可作用于PI3K/AKT、Notch3、MET/ VEGF-B、IL-6/STAT3以及Src/STAT3信号通路,对VEGF产生作用,从而影响胰腺癌中的血管生成[38-42]。Magrini等[43]在小鼠实验中证明,L1CAM在小鼠胰腺癌异常血管生成中发挥作用,使用L1CAM抗体能够减少血管生成,减缓肿瘤的生长和转移。该研究也验证了L1CAM通过IL-6/JAK/STAT信号通路影响血管生成的机制。
2.3 L1CAM与耐药性
L1CAM在胰腺癌细胞中表达增加能够提高肿瘤细胞的耐药性,促进细胞的增殖。研究表明,NO在肿瘤细胞的耐药性中起重要作用。在比较对化疗敏感的胰腺癌细胞系PT45-P1与依托泊苷诱导的耐药PT45-P1res细胞系时发现,后者L1CAM的表达水平显著升高,并且具有IL-1β依赖性。而且,敲除L1CAM或转染载有L1CAM的基因后,可增加或降低NO诱导的caspase-3/caspase-7凋亡活性[44]。在上述过程中,L1CAM与α5-integrin的结合在胰腺癌细胞的耐药性中起到重要作用。阻断或敲除α5-integrin可降低耐药细胞系PT45-P1res的耐药性,而对照组利用siRNA阻断L1CAM上与α5-integrin结合位点也可以达到相同效果[45]。L1CAM结合α5-integrin后,激活α5-integrin下游的PI3K/ILK通路作用于下游的NF-kB,而NF-kB激活又可以刺激下游细胞因子IL-6、IL-8、IL-13以及NOS生成,从而作用于NO,诱导细胞耐药性[46]。而在上文中提及,NF-kB同时也能够介导胰腺癌的侵袭与转移。因此,NF-kB同时在胰腺癌耐药性与侵袭转移中起到重要作用。FOL⁃FIRI-NOX方案(奥沙利铂、伊立替康、亚叶酸盐、5-FU)以及纳米白蛋白紫杉醇联合吉西他滨被认为是当前治疗转移性胰腺癌的一线治疗方案,虽然其大大延长了晚期胰腺癌患者的生存率,但由于胰腺癌细胞的耐药性,其总体治疗效果并不乐观。有报道称,胰腺癌细胞对5-FU化疗敏感性通常与胸苷合成酶(TS)水平呈负相关,高水平TS往往表示肿瘤预后不良。在实验中,5-FU处理获得的化疗抗性Panc-1细胞系高表达TS以及生存素,后者于G2/M期表达抑制化疗药物产生的细胞坏死作用。深入研究证明,依赖slug而非β-连环蛋白作用的L1CAM水平升高在5-FU耐药性胰腺癌细胞的侵袭和转移中起到重要作用,敲除slug基因表达能够降低L1CAM水平[17]。
除上述3种机制外,L1CAM通过诱导胰腺癌细胞周围免疫耐受细胞T-reg(主要是CD4+CD25-CD69+T-reg细胞)的富集产生免疫逃逸从而使癌细胞避免免疫细胞的杀伤,延长癌细胞的生存率,促进侵袭转移[47]。
L1CAM作为一种在正常神经组织发育过程中的重要因子,在胰腺癌组织、胰腺癌前病变以及转移癌组织中表达水平升高,因而成为判断患者预后程度的重要指标。L1CAM可以通过TGF-β1等途径在胰腺癌的侵袭转移中起作用,同时也在胰腺癌的异常血管生成方面起重要作用,并且在化疗药物的使用方面,L1CAM表达水平增高也可导致胰腺癌的化疗抗性增加。虽然L1CAM在胰腺癌细胞转移和EMT方面研究颇多,但迄今为止,使用人胰腺癌组织及人胰腺癌细胞系证明L1CAM在胰腺癌肿瘤新生血管方面作用的研究却非常少见。L1CAM诱导癌细胞免疫耐受的研究也乏善可陈。希望通过大量的研究得以证明L1CAM在胰腺癌发生发展中的作用,为更好地进行胰腺癌相关治疗诊断提供帮助,同时为今后胰腺癌的化疗提供更多的选择。
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(2016-11-10收稿)
(2017-03-16修回)
(编辑:周晓颖 校对:孙喜佳)
Advances in the mechanism of action of L1CAM in pancreatic cancer invasion and metastasis
Yizhi WANG,Chunlin GE
Chunlin GE;E-mail:gechunlin@139.com
Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery,1st Hospital of China Medical University,Shenyang 110001,China
Pancreatic cancer has the highest mortality among malignant cancers.Known as"the king of ca ncer,"it lacks early symptoms,diagnostic methods and oncologic markers.Early lymph node metastasis could be found in this disease.Moreover,advanced panereatic cancer is incurable by surgery.Due to the limited efficacy of surgery,as well as radiotherapy and chemotherapy tolerance, therapeutic methods for pancreatic cancer are being explored.L1 cell adhesion molecule(L1CAM)is a member of the cell adhesion molecule inmunoglobulin(Ig)super family that is usually expressed in normal developing nervous tissues.L1CAM is highly expressed in pancreatic cancer cells,binds with α5-integrin to activate downstream factors that mediate tumor metastasis and invasion via the TGF-β1/JUK/slug signaling pathway,induces epithelium-mesenchymal transition,and resists chemotherapy drugs.However,L1CAM forms abnormal vessels that increase the invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells.This abnormal L1CAM expression in pancreatic cancer cells is a new therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer treatment.Therefore,future studies on L1CAM could promote the development of pancreatic cancer therapy and provide new treatment methods.
pancreatic cancer,L1CAM,invasion,metastasis
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2017.07.327
中国医科大学附属第一医院胰胆外科(沈阳市110001)
*本文课题受辽宁省教育厅项目(编号:L2014294)和沈阳市科学技术计划项目(编号:F15-199-1-48)资助
葛春林 gechunlin@139.com
王奕智 专业方向为胰腺癌相关分子作用机制研究。
E-mail:2268549208@qq.com