丁玉芬
(2016·全国卷Ⅰ) Secret codes (密码) keep messages private. Banks, companies, and government agencies use secret codes in doing business, especially when information is sent by computer.
People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 36 . Code breaking never lags (落后) far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.
There are three main types of cryptography. 37 . For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me.”
38 . You might represent each letter with a number. For example, lets number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message “Meet me” would read “13 5 20 13 5.”
A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. 39 . For example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me”. The message “bridge out” would actually mean “meet me”. 40 . However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.
A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.
B. In any language, some letters are used more than others.
C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.
D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.
E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.
F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words.
G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.
本文是一篇說明文,简要介绍了密码的历史以及三种密码术。文章结构紧凑,脉络清晰,同学们理解起来难度不大。短文内容可分为三部分:密码的广泛应用、密码的历史及密码生成的三种密码术。
解析 36. D。此题的关键词是code breaking。根据这两个词的复现,可知应该在A和D两项之间选择。D项中的as long as与横线前面一句中的for thousands of years形成照应,而A项中的code book是上下文中都没有出现的信息,放在此处与上下文无法形成连贯的意思,故选D。
37. E。此题的关键词是the first letters。E项中的the first letters与横线后面一句中的the first letters构成词汇上的同现关系,故选E。
38. G。此题的关键是本段第三句中的specific letters of the alphabet。G项中的specific letters of the alphabet与本段第三句句中的specific letters of the alphabet构成词汇上的同现关系,故选G。
39. F。此题的关键词是a code book。根据关键词,可知应该在A和F两项之间选择。另外,根据横线后一句中的for example可知,横线处应该是一项破译密码的规则,A项只强调了密码本的重要性,没有讲破译密码的方法,所以排除A项。F项介绍了利用密码本破译密码的方法,故选F。
40. A。此题的关键词是It is hard to和code book。根据这两个关键词的复现,可以确定本题应该选A。
根据解析,我们可以总结出七选五阅读的解题方法:
1.通读全文,寻找主题句
一般情况下,七选五的阅读材料是说明文或者议论文,文章主题明确,结构清晰。拿到题目后,首先要根据文章的标题、首尾两段和各段第一句话确定文章的主题和结构。
2.定位段落关键词
文章正文部分通常分为若干小段落,对文章主体的不同方面展开描述。找出各个小段落中的关键词,各个击破,明确各段主题句或主旨大意。
3.研读横线处上下文,定位解题关键词
在一个完整连贯的文段中,前后两个句子之间一定存在某种关联。这种关联可能是词汇上的复现,可能是指代关系,也有可能是逻辑关系。因此,可以先根据词语复现,圈定可选项,然后根据上下文的逻辑关系,确定答案。
句子间的衔接手段一般包括以下几种:
(1)词汇手段:原词复现、同义词、近义词、上下义词、同范畴词
例如2015年全国卷Ⅰ的第39题:Stop regarding yourself as the victim. If youve been betrayed, you are the victim of your circumstance. But theres a difference between being a victim and living with a victim mentality. 正确选项中的victim在下文中多次重复出现。
再如2015年全国卷Ⅰ的第40题:Instead of looking at the situation from this hopeless angle, look at everything you still have and be thankful for all of the good in your life. Seeing the positive side of things doesnt mean youre ignoring what happened.正確选项中的see与上一句中的look at是近义词,the positive side和上一句中的the good是近义词。
再如2014年全国卷Ⅰ的第37题:Your children need to be deeply curious. Encourage kids to cook with you. Ask kids, “What ingredients(配料) can we add to make these pancakes even better next time” and then try them out. 正确选项中的cook与后一句中的ingredients和pancakes属于同范畴词,构成词汇上的同现关系。
(2)照应关系
例如2015年全国卷Ⅰ的第37题:Sometimes people simply cant trust anymore. Theyve been too badly hurt and they cant bear to let it happen again. 正确选项中的They指代的就是上一句中的people,两者构成人称照应关系。
(3)逻辑关系
文章的内容是由各个层次、各个段落的大意有机组合而成,各层、各段所表达的内容都是要围绕中心的。从逻辑上看,语段的句际关系可分为平列、顺序、层递、转折、总分、解释、因果等关系。构成语段的各个句子之间有时可以包含一种以上的句际关系。
例如2015年全国卷Ⅰ的第20题:For each of those gardens, writer down the strongest memory you have. Then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grown-up garden. 根据后一句中的then可知前后两个句子之间是按照先后顺序展开的。
4.通读全文
在初步确定答案后,应通读全文,检查文章内容是否完整,语义是否连贯合理、各段落内容是否紧扣主题,语篇结构是否通顺、连贯、合乎逻辑,写作思路是否清晰明了,格式以及用语是否恰当,从而判断选择的答案是否正确。
同学们备考中应着重训练定位全文或段落主题句、理解文章篇章结构与逻辑关系、关注词汇复现与逻辑提示词的能力。只要掌握了科学的做题方法,在复习备考阶段加强专项训练,认真归纳分析错题,及时调整解题思路,用心体会该题型的出题规律,拿满分并不是非常困难的事。