朱建国, 李海歌, 曹鹏
·综述·
克罗恩病多模态磁共振成像
朱建国, 李海歌, 曹鹏
克罗恩病是一种消化道的慢性炎症,多发生于肠道,以往对该病的诊断和随访多依赖于内镜和实验室检查。随着影像技术的发展,诸多的磁共振成像技术被用于克罗恩病的临床研究,这些成像技术丰富了对克罗恩病的研究手段,能够从微结构和微循环的角度讨论克罗恩病,拓宽了研究视野。本文在概括前人研究的基础上,就不同磁共振成像技术的原理、实际应用、问题不足做一综述,并对未来的发展方向提出展望。
Crohn病; 多模态; 磁共振成像
肠道克罗恩病(Crohn's disease,CD)是一种原因不明的慢性、反复发作的消化道炎性病变,多见于青少年,跳跃性分布是该病的特征。以往对CD的诊断和随访主要依赖于内镜、微生物和血清学检查。随着技术的发展,影像学越来越多地被用于监控CD病情、观察并发症、评估疗效。上个世纪九十年代开始,磁共振(magnetic resonance,MR)凭其高组织分辨率、无辐射、非侵入性的优势,逐步应用于CD的研究。在软硬件水平的提高基础上,多种磁共振成像技术被应用于CD的临床研究,其中以磁共振肠道造影(magnetic resonance enterography/enteroclysis,MRE),磁共振弥散加权(diffusion weighted magnetic resonance,DW-MR)、磁共振动态增强(dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance,DCE-MR)技术相对成熟,使用最为广泛。近年来,磁化传递(magnetization transfer,MT)、超微超顺磁氧化铁粒子增强磁共振[ultrasmall super paramagnetic iron oxide-(USPIO-) enhanced MR]以及正电子发射型计算机断层-磁共振成像(positron emission computed tomography-MR,PET-MR)等成像技术也开始应用临床。上述多模态MR成像技术有助于观察病灶分布、病变形态并能从细胞学、微循环和组织代谢角度分析CD的病理改变,丰富了对CD 的研究手段。本文就多模态MR成像技术在CD中的研究情况做一综述。
根据检查前的准备方式不同,MRE分口服法(enterography)和经导管灌入法(enteroclysis)两种。两者的共同之处都是使用1000~2000 mL对比剂充盈肠道[1],不同之处在于前者是在MR扫描前60 min分次口服对比剂,后者首先经鼻向十二指肠远端-空肠近端插入小肠导管,经导管以100 mL/min的速度直接向小肠内注入对比剂。两者的目的均为MR扫描前用对比剂充分充盈肠道,既能防止萎陷的肠管掩盖病变、产生误诊,又能减少肠腔气体,避免磁敏感伪影。相对于MR enteroclysis,MR enterography操作简便,但摄入的量有限,扩张肠道的效果不如MR enteroclysis; MR enteroclysis的缺点是需要插入十二指肠导管,对操作者有技术要求,患者需忍受一定的痛苦。对比剂的应用以双相对比剂居多[2],即在T1WI为低信号,T2WI为高信号,包括甲基纤维素水混合液、聚乙烯醇溶液、等渗甘露醇等。Zhu等[3]研究2.5%甘露醇溶液味微甘易被患者接受,且为等渗溶液,不被肠道吸收,充盈肠道效果最为理想。充盈肠道后的MR检查应选用快速序列屏气扫描,如T1WI二维的快速扰相梯度回波(fast spoiled gradient recalled echo,FSPGR)、三维的肝脏容积快速扫描(liver acceleration volume acquisition,LAVA)、容积式内插法扫描(volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination,VIBE),T2WI的单次激发快速自旋回波(single shot fast spin echo,SSFSE)或半傅立叶采集单次激发快速自旋回波(half-fourier acquisition single shot turbo spin echo,HASTE)、真实稳态进动快速成像(true fast imaging with steady precession,trueFISP)。达到缩短扫描时间,避免呼吸运动伪影和减少肠蠕动伪影目的。
小肠是结肠镜观察的盲区,继发肠道狭窄和肠瘘则是肠镜检查的禁忌症,MRE可以无创、无侵入性的观察整个肠道情况。Samuel等[4]比较MRE和胶囊肠镜对小肠CD病灶检出情况,发现两种方法敏感性相似,但MRE的特异性要显著高于胶囊肠镜。Maccioni等[5]以胶囊肠镜和结肠镜为标准,评估MRE在全肠道CD病灶的检出情况,认为MRE具有与肠镜相同的检查效果。Oussalah等[6]通过定量分析认为MRE对肠壁溃疡的显示具有89%的特异度,甚至超过肠镜。Maglinte等[7]提出肠道CD分为4个阶段:炎症活动、肠瘘穿孔、纤维性狭窄、修复再生。MRE可以结合肠壁及肠系膜的信号特征,对CD的活动性做出判断。CD的肠壁厚度超过3 mm,且炎症越重,肠壁越厚[8];T2WI脂肪抑制序列,肠壁信号的强度亦和炎症反应程度相关[9];肠壁强化的程度和强化方式也能提示炎症活动[10];肠系膜血管增粗、“梳齿征”(comb sign)和短径>1 cm的肠系膜淋巴结也是提示CD活动的征象[11]。在此基础上先后产生了3项MRE评分标准:克罗恩病活动性评分(Crohn's disease activity score,CDAS), 急性炎症评分(acute inflammation score,AIS)、磁共振小肠成像全球评分(MRE global score,MEGS)。经过和临床资料、血清标记物的对比分析证实, MR评分能够反应CD的活动程度,具有70%以上的特异度和敏感度[9,12]。肠壁间条状长T2信号和聚集呈“星状”(star shaped)的肠袢是肠瘘形成的典型表现[13]。Schil等[14]研究76例CD患者手术证实, 不同放射科医师对肠瘘诊断一致性达0.895(观察者间一致性分析)。Ordas等[15]研究48例CD患者在药物治疗12周后,采用MRE评估溃疡愈合情况,准确率达90%。Peyrin-Biroulet等[16]的研究认为在药物治疗2周后,MRE就能观察到肠粘膜的恢复情况。
肠管蠕动、呼吸运动会形成移动伪影,空气等肠内容物导致磁敏感伪影。伪影的产生不仅降低图像质量,影响诊断。胰高血糖素和丁基东莨菪碱是目前使用较多的注射药物,可以在一定程度上减轻肠管运动伪影的影响,但不能完全消除[17]。注射药物的种类、剂量,注射途径和时间都没有统一标准,并且有不良反应的风险[18]。口服对比剂充盈肠道可以排除肠气,减轻磁敏感伪影,但对比剂向肠壁的外渗,表现为T2WI信号增高,形成假阳性结果[2]。高场强(3.0T)能缩短扫描时间、提高时间分辨率,减轻运动伪影的影响,但磁敏感伪影的干扰效应更加突出,图像变形、扭曲,质量下降[19]。
DW-MR基于水分子的布朗运动,无需注入对比剂即可得到细胞构成、细胞膜完整性等分子水平的信息。通过测量表观扩散系数(Apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC),达到定量分析[20]。DW-MR起初广泛应用于神经系统研究,随着软硬件水平的提高,梯度回波序列、多通道线圈和并行成像等技术开发利用,使DW-MR运用于CD的研究成为可能。
炎症越重,肠壁DW-MR信号越高、ADC值越低,其原因是由于炎症导致的灌注增加、炎细胞浸润共同限制了水分子的弥散[21]。根据这一理论,Stanescu-Siegmund[22]认为CD病变段肠壁的ADC值低于正常肠段,以1.56×10-3mm2/s作为截断点,诊断CD的敏感度和特异度分别为97.4%、99.2%。Hordonneau[23]和Zhu等[24]认为ADC能定量评估CD炎症反应程度。Schmid-Tannwald等[25]应用DW-MRI对24例CD患者的144段病变肠管进行研究,发现以1.41×10-3mm2/s作为ADC值截断点可以有效区分肠壁的急性和慢性炎症活动。Li[26]采用多b值DW-MRI对47例CD患者进行研究,认为以1.17×10-3mm2/s为界判别病变静止期和活动期,具有100%敏感度。研究表明,病程10年以上CD患者中1/3都会发生肠道狭窄,早期以炎性狭窄为主,后期向纤维性狭窄转化,因此狭窄性质的判定决定治疗方案[27]。Zhu等[24]研究表明以1.11×10-3mm2/s作为ADC值截断点对狭窄性质的判断有帮助。通过与内镜对照,一项为期3年的随访研究[28]显示DW-MR对疗效评估的敏感度为94.12% ,特异度为73.91%。Buisson等[29]使用肿瘤坏死因子抑制剂治疗CD,观察治疗前后肠壁ADC值的变化,认为治疗前肠壁ADC值<1.96×10-3mm2/s,其疗效更好。
目前,磁场强度和b值是DW-MR应用于CD研究的两个关键因素。相对于1.5T,3.0T场强能够提高疾病诊断的特异性,其不足之处在于受磁敏感伪影影响,图像质量下降[19]。DW-MR扫描参数b值的选取尚无统一标准,ADC值的测量受预设b值大小的影响,b值越大,对检出病灶特异性强,但信号噪声比和对比噪声比同时下降[30]。Oto等[31]早期选用b=600 s/mm2。目前多数学者[11,32]还是采用b=800 s/mm2,认为在此条件下图像质量和检出病灶的敏感性都相对较高。Feng等[30]通过分析对比噪声和信号噪声比,建议采用b=1500 s/mm2,认为对CD病灶检出率90.32%,诊断敏感度81.18%、特异度95.10%,但这只是一组31例患者的小样本研究,有待继续讨论。
DCE-MRI是一种基于对比剂药物代谢动力学的MRI成像方法,其采用快速T1加权序列追踪经静脉注射、随后通过组织的低分子量对比剂,依据每个体素的信号改变提取反映组织血流动力学的信息,非侵入性观察、分析组织微循环功能状态[33]。炎症刺激会导致微血管生成和血管通透性增加,注入对比剂后,对比剂分子通过高通透性的不成熟新生血管向血管外细胞外间隙(extravascular extracellular space,EES)扩散[34-35]。DCE-MR在对比剂注入血管前、中、后连续采集图像,分析对比剂分子在血管内和EES间隙分布信息,获取药物代谢动力学参数[36]。为了拟合出对比剂分子时间变化浓度曲线,真实反映药物代谢情况,时间分辨率是DCE-MR成像的关键。Ziech等[37]认为相对低场强,3.0T MR能将时间分辨率降低到0.82s,既保证了定量参数的可靠性,又能一定程度克服运动伪影对图像的影响。DCE-MR获得的功能参数包括半定量和定量参数,半定量参数如增强率(rate of enhancement)、初始上升斜率(Initial slope of increase,ISI);定量参数包括容积转运常数(volume transfer coefficient reflecting vascular permeability,Ktrans)、返流常数(flux rate constant,Kep)、血管外细胞外间隙容积分数(extracellular volume ratio reflecting vascular permeability,Ve)、血浆容量(plasma volume fractions,Vp)。相对而言,半定量参数的可靠性和稳定性不如定量参数,和实验室及病理学标记物的相关性也更差,不能直接反应生理病理改变[38];而定量参数反应血管内皮、毛细血管床容积等定量信息更准确,临床使用更广[39-42]。
Zhu等[3]的研究发现DCE-MR定量参数Ktrans、Kep和Ve与炎症反应的血清学标记物C反应蛋白浓度呈线性相关,对此解释为炎症刺激高通透性的不成熟血管生成,对比剂分子易于扩散到EES间隙。Jeroen等[43]以20例患者手术切除的50个肠段的病理为基础,认为DCE-MR的参数[最大强化(maximum enhancement,ME)]和ISI有助于鉴别狭窄的性质。
动脉输入函数(arterial input function,AIF)是获取DCE-MRI定量参数(Ktrans、Kep、Ve和Vp)的前提,并决定定量参数的稳定性和可靠性。受年龄、性别、身体机能等多因素影响,加之对时间分辨率的高要求,AIF的稳定性不够理想。学者[44]提出以其他模型取代AIF,但这仅是通过7.0T MR动物实验得出的结论;还有学者[38]提出个体化AIF的概念,并在胶质瘤的临床分级研究中得以实施,类似研究是否能应用于肠道CD有待检验。
多模态MR成像技术相互融合、新技术推广和研究领域拓展将是未来肠道CD研究的方向。
各种成像模式各有优劣,相互结合能提高对CD的诊断效能,综合不同的定量参数,能从更全面的角度解释CD的病理改变。Schmid-Tannwald等[45]对25例CD的研究表明DW-MR结合T2WI能提高对肠瘘、窦道的检出率。Hordonneau等[23]在MR评分中增加了ADC的评价系数,提高了对CD活动性的评估能力。Zhu等[3]将DCE-MR和DW-MR结合,对CD进行研究,发现Ktrans和ADC对CD都有较高的诊断价值,同时Ktrans和ADC之间也具备统计相关性,据此认为可以从微循环和微结构的角度解释CD的病理变化过程。
新兴的MR成像技术也具备CD研究的潜能,受限于设备条件和经济因素,这些新技术处于实验阶段,尚未临床普及。MT基于自由水分子和结合水分子之间的差异,产生图像对比,并能测算结合大分子的浓度。MT脉冲序列施加前、后需要加入2D或3D的梯度平面回波序列,目的是饱和结合性水分子的信号,致使含有高浓度的大分子的组织具有高的MT比[46-47]。胶原沉积被视为肠壁纤维化的标志,因MT具有检测大分子胶原的能力,借以判断肠壁纤维化的程度,此结论已得到动物实验研究[46]和临床研究证实[47]。USPIO粒子是一组能够使血管和免疫细胞双重现象的MRI对比剂。由于粒子表面涂有葡聚糖涂层,当静脉内给药后,血管首先显影,随后炎症部位浸润的巨噬细胞吞噬USPIO颗粒,导致USPIO积聚于巨噬细胞活跃的区域,显示炎症和感染病灶[48-49]。在炎症部位积聚的USPIO粒子能降低T2*弛豫时间,从而使得信号发生改变[50],因此USPIO粒子对于细微的炎症活动都有较高的敏感性,并能定量评估炎症活动程度[51],该观点已被实验[52]和临床研究[53]证实。此外,相对于钆对比剂,USPIO粒子肾毒性更小、使用更安全[54]。氟-18易于积聚在高葡萄糖摄取和利用的炎细胞内,因此被视为炎症反应的标记物。PET-MR可以先后或者同时采集PET、MR图像,是对单纯MRE图像的有益补充,其次PET-MR能够通过氟-18摄取配准,改善肠道MR的结构图像[55]。
CD具有病程长、易反复、难治愈的临床特点,影响全身代谢功能,属于系统性疾病[56-57]。部分患者会出现抑郁、情绪反复、大脑反应异常、癫痫发作等症状[58]。最新研究表明可以通过慢性迷走神经刺激治疗CD,5例患者(5/7)经过6个月治疗,出现不同程度临床症状减轻、生物学和内镜指证缓解[59]。Stovicek等[60]发现治疗前后部分CD患者脑结构发生改变。研究[61]认为可以通过脑功能成像评估CD患者治疗后腹痛症状改善情况。据此,我们认为CD患者的脑功能研究具有理论基础和临床意义,研究尚未深入,值得进一步探讨。
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R574; R05; R445.2
A
1000-0313(2017)10-1070-05
2016-09-09
2017-01-23)
210011 南京,南京医科大学第二附属医院医学放射科(朱建国、李海歌);201203 上海,通用电气药业(上海)有限公司(曹鹏)
朱建国(1978-),男,江苏镇江人,博士,副主任医师,主要从事神经系统及消化系统影像诊断工作。
南京医科大学科技发展基金重点项目支持(2015NJMUZD035)
10.13609/j.cnki.1000-0313.2017.10.017