曲安奈德辅助玻璃体切割术治疗儿童眼内异物伤的临床研究

2017-03-31 14:01谭叶辉曾广川廖武
中国医学创新 2017年7期
关键词:曲安奈德儿童

谭叶辉 曾广川 廖武

【摘要】 目的:觀察和评价曲安奈德辅助玻璃体切割术治疗儿童眼内异物伤的临床效果,以指导临床治疗。方法:将2012年1月-2016年10月在本院行玻璃体切割术的80例(83眼)儿童眼内异物伤患者,根据术中是否应用曲安奈德分为两组:A组40例(42眼)行眼内异物取出联合玻璃体切割、曲安奈德注射、眼内光凝、硅油填充术;B组40例(41眼)行眼内异物取出联合玻璃体切割、眼内光凝、硅油填充术,术后随访均≥3个月。结果:80例眼内异物伤患儿均一次手术摘除异物,出院时视网膜均恢复。除2例(3眼)患者视力检查不合作外,术后视力提高53例(56眼),其中A组31例(33眼),占78.57%,B组22例(23眼),占56.10%,两组比较差异有统计学意义( 字2=4.774,P=0.029)。41例(42眼)

术后矫正视力>0.05,其中A组25例(26眼),占61.90%,B组16例(16眼),占39.02%,两组比较差异有统计学意义( 字2=4.345,P=0.037)。13例(13眼)患者术后出现视网膜脱离,其中A组2例(2眼),发生率为4.76%,B组11例(11眼),发生率为26.83%,两组比较差异有统计学意义( 字2=7.648,P=0.006)。结论:玻璃体切割手术中辅助应用曲安奈德可明显改善儿童眼内异物伤患者的视力预后,并可有效预防视网膜脱离等术后严重并发症的发生,值得临床推广。

【关键词】 曲安奈德; 眼内异物; 玻璃体切割术; 儿童

【Abstract】 Objective:To observe and valuate the clinical application efficacy of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) assisted by Triamcinolone Acetonide(TA)for intraocular foreign body injury in childhood,in order to guide clinical treatment.Method:80 cases (83 eyes) intraocular foreign body injury in child who received PPV in our hospital from Jan 2012 to Oct 2016 were divided into two groups according to whether TA was used during PPV.40 cases (42 eyes) of group A were treated by intraocular foreign bodies extraction combined with vitrectomy,injecting TA into the vitreous cavity,intraocular photocoagulation and filling with silicone oil.40 cases (41 eyes) of group B were treated by intraocular foreign bodies extraction combined with vitrectomy,intraocular photocoagulation and filling with silicone oil.All the patients were followed-up more than three months after the surgery of intraocular foreign bodies extraction.Result:All intraocular foreign bodies were extracted successfully once.The retina were reset in all cases when they were out of hospital.Except of 2 cases (3 eyes) who did not cooperate in examination of visual acuity,the visual acuities increased in 53 cases (56 eyes),31 cases (33 eyes) (78.57%) in group A,and 22 cases (23 eyes) (56.10%) in group B.The differences were statistically significant between the two groups( 字2=4.774,P=0.029).There were 41 cases (42 eyes) out of blindness (corrected visual acuity>0.05),25 cases(26 eyes,61.90%) in group A and 16 cases (16 eyes,39.02%) in group B .The differences were statistically significant between the two groups( 字2=4.345,P=0.037).There were 13 cases (13 eyes) who encounter retinal detachment after PPV,the group A had 2 caces(2 eyes),the rate was 4.76%;the group B had 11 cases(11 eyes),the rate was 26.83%.The differences were statistically significant between the two groups( 字2=7.648,P=0.006).Conclusion:The assistant application of TA in PPV for intraocular foreign body injury in childhood can significantly improve the visual prognosis of the patients,and it can also prevent the serious complication after PPV for intraocular foreign body injury,such as secondary retinal detachment.The application of TA in PPV for intraocular foreign body injury in childhood is vaulable to promote its application in clinic.

【Key words】 Triamcinolone Acetonide; Intraocular foreign body; Pars plana vitrectomy; Child

First-authors address:Yuebei Peoples Hospital in Guangdong Province(The Affiliated Yuebei Peoples Hospital,Medical College of Shantou University),Shaoguan 512026,China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2017.07.010

眼内异物伤是一类儿童常见的高致盲性眼病[1],占儿童眼外伤的20%~35%,常伴有眼球穿通伤、眼内出血、晶状体损伤、视网膜脱离,甚至化脓性眼内炎等严重并发症[2-4],常导致视力明显损伤,视功能完全丧失[1,5],甚至需摘除眼球而造成终生残疾[1,4]。玻璃体切割术是目前治疗儿童眼内异物伤安全有效的方法,但术后仍有部分患者因视网膜脱离等并发症而使视力进一步损害[6-7]。为了改善儿童眼内异物伤患者的视力预后,降低视网膜脱离等术后严重并发症的发生,自2012年1月笔者在儿童眼内异物伤的玻璃体切割手术过程中辅助应用曲安奈德(Triamcinolone Acetonide,TA),取得了良好的临床效果,现将结果报告如下,以指导临床治疗。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料 将2012年1月-2016年10月在本院行玻璃体切割手术治疗的80例(83眼)的儿童眼内异物伤患者纳入本研究。纳入标准:(1)患者年龄≤13岁;(2)有明确异物外伤史;(3)经眼部CT、X线平片或眼部B超证实眼内异物存在,三维重建定位为眼球后段异物或眼球壁异物;(4)异物位于视网膜表面或嵌顿于视网膜者,异物周围无明显包裹,不伴视网膜脱离;(5)屈光间质透明度尚可,间接检眼镜下可辨识眼内异物的位置和大小[1,8]。如患者年龄≥14岁,异物位于晶状体内或晶状体前,眼内异物伴视网膜脱离者则予以排除,不纳入本研究。其中男65例,女15例,男女比例约为4∶1,年龄2~13岁,平均7.5岁;就诊时间距受伤

2 h~20 d,平均7.5 d。根据术中是否应用曲安奈德分为两组,A组40例(42眼)应用TA,B组40例(41眼)未应用TA。术前两组患儿的性别、年龄、眼别等一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。本研究所涉及的研究方法均遵循《赫尔辛基宣言》,符合医学伦理学原则,并获得医院医学伦理委员会批准。全部儿童眼内异物伤患者家属均对本研究知情并同意患者作为研究对象纳入该研究,均签署知情同意书。

1.2 方法 80例儿童眼内异物伤患者入院后均急行眼部CT(或B超)检查,详细询问受伤情况及异物的可能性质,检查视力和眼球穿孔部位,急诊行清创缝合修复眼球伤口,同时行眼内异物取出。其中A组40例(42眼)取出异物后行玻璃体切割、注射TA、眼内光凝、硅油填充术,B组40例(41眼)取出异物后行玻璃体切割、眼内光凝、硅油填充术。术前均先抽取0.5~1.0 mL玻璃体液和前房液行病原体培养+药物敏感试验,A组40例(42眼)患儿手术过程中,取出眼内异物后,向玻璃体腔中注入TA 0.05~0.10 mL。将残留的玻璃体、脓液及病变的视网膜组织彻底清除,术后均予全身应用广谱抗生素+局部的抗炎、抗感染治疗,如合并化脓性眼内炎则待培养结果及药敏实验调整抗菌药物。术后每天裂隙灯下检查角膜情况及前房炎症反应,双目间接检眼镜下检查玻璃体及视网膜情况,同时每天检测视力及眼压。儿童眼内异物伤术后均予连续随访,均随访≥3个月,每次随访均检测患者裸眼(矫正)视力、眼压,同时散瞳后行眼底检查。

1.3 统计学处理 使用SPSS 16.0统计软件进行分析,计量资料采用(x±s)表示,比较采用t检验,计数资料采用 字2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义,P<0.01为差异有显著统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 两组儿童眼内异物伤患者手术前后视力比较 80例(83眼)儿童眼内异物伤患者入院后均顺利一次性摘出眼内异物,出院时所有患者眼内异物均已取出,视网膜均良好复位。玻璃体切割眼内异物取出术后随访期间除2例(3眼)视力检查不合作外,术后视力提高53例(56眼),其中A组31例(33眼),占78.57%(33/42);B组22例(23眼),占56.10%(23/41),兩组比较差异有统计学意义( 字2=4.774,P=0.029)。41例(42眼)术后矫正视力>0.05(脱盲),其中A组25例(26眼),占61.90%(26/42);B组16例(16眼),占39.02%(16/41),两组术后脱盲率比较差异有统计学意义

( 字2=4.345,P=0.037),见表2。

2.2 两组儿童眼内异物伤术后不同时间视网膜脱离的发生情况比较 13例(13眼)儿童眼内异物患者术后出现视网膜脱离,其中A组2例(2眼),视网膜脱离发生率为4.76%(2/42);B组11例(11眼),发生率为26.83%(11/41),两组比较差异有统计学意义( 字2=7.648,P=0.006),见表3。另有10例(12眼)术后出现眼压升高,8例为一过性(<30 mm Hg),予局部点用降眼压药物后,眼压控制正常;其余2例患者行眼内硅油部分取出术后眼压控制正常。9例(9眼)术后出现并发性白内障,均先后行白内障手术治疗。

3 讨论

曲安奈德(Triamcinolone Acetonide,TA)作为一种长效类固醇激素类药物,目前已广泛应用于眼科临床治疗,如玻璃体腔注射治疗难治性糖尿病性黄斑水肿[9],控制视网膜、葡萄膜和视神经的炎症[10],抑制增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变(PVR)[11]和眼部新生血管生成[12],同时作为一种活体染色剂,普遍应用于玻璃体视网膜手术中辅助玻璃体切除,清除视网膜、黄斑前膜及内界膜的剥除[11,13],提高了手术的成功率,取得了良好的临床效果。儿童眼内异物伤是一类高致盲性眼外伤,因为眼内异物伤后纤维母细胞增生活跃,PVR发生早,进展快[2,11],同时儿童又往往不能配合治疗,外伤后继发眼内炎及视网膜脱离的发生率远高于成人患者[4,14]。随着现代玻璃体视网膜手术的发展,对于儿童眼内异物伤,目前越来越多的眼科医师选择玻璃体切割术摘除眼内异物,特别是伴有玻璃体出血及化脓性眼内炎的患者,其治愈率较之前显著提高,但术后仍有部分患者因合并化脓性眼内炎,视网膜脱离、继发性青光眼、持续性低眼压等并发症,导致视力进一步明显受损,甚至视功能完全丧失、眼球萎缩致眼球摘除[4-7]。

为了改善儿童眼内异物伤患者的视力预后,降低视网膜脱离等术后严重并发症的发生,笔者自2012年1月在儿童眼内异物伤的玻璃体切割手术过程中辅助应用TA,取得了良好的临床效果,納入本研究的80例(83眼)儿童眼内异物伤患者经玻璃体切割术治疗后所有眼内异物均一次性摘除,出院时视网膜均复位良好。同时53例(56眼)术后视力明显提高,占67.47%,并有41例(42眼)视力>0.05,脱盲成功,总脱盲率达50.60%。因为应用玻璃体切割术治疗眼内异物伤可直视下摘除眼内全部异物,对伴有外伤性白内障者可同时行白内障摘除术,同时可彻底清除玻璃体积血、脓液及各种毒素。但眼内异物伤后眼内炎症反应较重,视网膜水肿明显,在玻璃体切割手术处理视网膜病变时,易产生视网膜裂孔或锯齿缘截离致继发性视网膜脱离[14-15]。本研究也不例外,13例(13眼)术后出现视网膜脱离,视网膜脱离发生率达15.66%。为了降低术后视网膜脱离等严重并发症的发生,提高手术成功率,笔者研究发现在玻璃体切割手术中辅助应用TA效果良好,术中应用TA的A组患者术后视力提高31例33眼(占78.57%),同时25例(26眼)矫正视力>0.05(脱盲,脱盲率达61.90%),而术中未应用TA的B组患者术后视力提高仅22例23眼(占56.10%),同时矫正视力>0.05(脱盲)的患者也仅16例16眼(占39.02%),两组比较术后视力提高率及脱盲率差异均有统计学意义( 字2=4.774、4.345,P<0.05)。同时笔者研究发现术中联合应用TA可明显减少术后视网膜脱离的发生,A组患者仅2例2眼术后继发视网膜脱离,视网膜脱离发生率为4.76%,而B组患者术后继发视网膜脱离者多达11例11眼,视网膜脱离发生率高达26.83%,两组术后继发性视网膜脱离的发生率比较差异有统计学意义( 字2=7.648,P<0.01)。

因为儿童眼内异物伤患者的玻璃体是成形的,混浊的玻璃体及脓液往往很难清除彻底,而彻底清除玻璃体是眼内异物伤玻璃体手术成功的关键[6-7]。特别对于合并化脓性眼内炎的患者更为重要[4,16],在玻璃体切割手术过程中将少量TA注入玻璃体腔,白色的TA颗粒黏附在残留的玻璃体及病变视网膜组织表面,提高了视网膜及玻璃体组织的可见度,可清晰地显现残留的玻璃体及病变的视网膜组织[9,17]。然后应用玻切头、笛针或眼内镊快速彻底地清除残留玻璃体组织或脓液,提高了手术的安全性和成功率。同时TA是一种长效皮质类固醇激素药物,能减轻玻璃体及视网膜组织的炎症反应及免疫应答[10,18],维持毛细血管的通透性,稳定血视网膜脉络膜屏障,可抑制成纤维细胞和色素上皮细胞的增殖[11,19]。同时还可通过抑制肝素、生长因子等促血管生成相关因子的活性来抑制视网膜新生血管的生成[12,20],具有抗炎、抗增生、抗新生血管等多种生物学活性。有研究表明4 mg以下的TA剂量对视网膜细胞无毒性作用[21],术后残存的TA颗粒安全无毒,同时有利于减轻术后眼内炎症反应,减少炎症介质释放,从而减轻视网膜脉络膜毛细血管舒张,降低毛细血管通透性,减轻眼内异物伤导致的视网膜、脉络膜、视盘及黄斑水肿,抑制PVR及视网膜脱离的发生[14,22],从而可明显改善儿童眼内异物伤患者的视力预后及降低术后视网膜脱离等严重并发症的发生。

本研究结果显示,在儿童眼内异物伤玻璃体切割手术中,辅助应用TA玻璃体腔注射可彻底清除玻璃体,减轻术后炎症反应及黄斑水肿,提高患者的术后视力,同时可明显减少视网膜脱离等术后严重并发症的发生,安全有效,值得临床推广应用。

参考文献

[1] Agrawal R,Laude A.Predictive factors and outcomes for posterior segment intraocular foreign bodies[J].Eye (Lond),2012,26(5):751-752.

[2] Al-Thowaibi A,Dob M K,Al-Matani I.An overview of penetrating ocular trauma with retained intraocular foreign body[J].Saudi J Ophthalmol,2011,25(2):203-205.

[3] Zhang Y,Zhang M,Jiang C,et al.Intraocular foreign bodies in china: clinical characteristics, prognostic factors, and visual outcomes in 1,421 eyes[J].Am J Ophthalmol,2011,152(1):66-73.

[4] Ahmed Y,Schimel A M,Pathengay A,et al.Endophthalmitis following open-globe injuries[J].Eye (Lond),2012,26(2):212-217.

[5] Liu X,Liu Z,Liu Y,et al.Determination of visual prognosis in children with open globe injuries[J].Eye (Lond),2014,28(7):852-856.

[6] Yuksel K,Celik Ugur,Alagoz C,et al.23 Gauge pars plana vitrectomy for the removal of retained intraocular foreign bodies[J].BMC Ophthalmol,2015,15(1):75.

[7] Falavarjani K G,Hashemi M,Modarres Mehdi,et al.Vitrectomy for Posterior Segment Intraocular Foreign Bodies, Visual and Anatomical Outcomes[J].Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol,2013,20(3):244-247.

[8]刘新,邹吉新,王丽等.间接检眼镜直视下眼内磁性异物摘出术的治疗体会[J].中国医学创新,2015,12(35):138-141.

[9] Kim J H,Kang S W,Ha H S,et al.Vitrectomy Combined with Intravitreal Triamcinolone Acetonide Injection and Macular Laser Photocoagulation for Nontractional Diabetic Macular Edema[J].Korean J Ophthalmol,2013,27(3):186-193.

[10] Barry R J,Dong N Q,Lee R W, et al.Pharmacotherapy for uveitis: current management and emerging therapy[J].Clin Ophthalmol,2014,8:1891-1911.

[11] Sadaka A,Giuliari G P.Proliferative vitreoretinopathy:current and emerging treatments[J].Clin Ophthalmol,2012,6:1325-1333.

[12] Mavija M,Alimanovic E,Jaksic V,et al.Therapeutic Modalities of Exudative Age-related Macular Degeneration[J].Med Arch,2014,68(3):204-208.

[13] Shrakata Y,Fukuda K,Fujita T,et al.Pars plana vitrectomy combined with internal limiting membrane peeling for recurrent macular edema due to branch retinal vein occlusion after antivascular endothelial growth factor treatments[J].Clin Ophthalmol,2016,10:277-283.

[14] Rd P D,Pathengay A,Jr F H,et al.Risk Factors for Endophthalmitis and Retinal Detachment with Retained Intraocular ForeignBodies[J].J Ophthalmol,2012,2012(5):758 526.

[15] Feghhi M,Dehghan M H,Farrahi F,et al.Intraretinal Foreign Bodies:Surgical Techniques and Outcomes[J].J Ophthalmic Vis Res,2013,8(4):330-336.

[16] Page R D,Gupta S K,Jenkins T L,et al.Risk factors for poor outcomes in patients with open-globe injuries[J].Clin Ophthalmol,2016,10:1461-1466.

[17] Canan H,Sizmaz S.Surgical results of combined pars plana vitrectomy and phacoemulsification for vitreous hemorrhage in PDR[J].Clin Ophthalmol,2013,7:1597-1601.

[18] Siebelt M,Korthagen N,Wu W,et al.Triamcinolone acetonide activates an anti-inflammatory and folate receptor-positive macrophage that prevents osteophytosis in vivo[J].Arthritis Res Ther,2015,17(1):1-13.

[19] Sharma A,Patil A J,Gupta N,et al.Effects of triamcinolone acetonide on human trabecular meshwork cells in vitro[J].Indian J Ophthalmol,2014,62(4):429-436.

[20] Demir M,Dirim B,Acar Z,et al.Comparison of the effects of intravitreal bevacizumab and triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion[J].Indian J Ophthalmol,2014,62(3):279-283.

[21] Ye Y F,Gao Y F,Xie H Tao,et al.Pharmacokinetics and retinal toxicity of various doses of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in rabbits[J].Mol Vis,2014,20:629-636.

[22] Yamada K,Maeno T,Yamada M.Hybrid microincision vitrectomy surgery combined with 20-gauge silicone cannulas for use with 20-gauge horizontal scissors in diabetic tractional retinal detachment[J].Clin Ophthalmol,2013,7:1559-1563.

(收稿日期:2016-11-03) (本文編辑:周亚杰)

猜你喜欢
曲安奈德儿童
因为喜欢儿童 所以儿童喜欢
曲安奈德联合雷公藤多甙片治疗口腔扁平苔癣的临床分析新
玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗联合曲安奈德或激光光凝治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿疗效观察
曲安奈德联合川芎嗪注射液治疗前部缺血性视神经病变的临床疗效分析
手术与曲安奈德注射结合术后放疗治疗瘢痕的疗效观察
留守儿童
球后注射曲安奈德对视网膜光凝术后睫状体变化的临床研究
让人无法理解的儿童
六一儿童
曲安奈德预防术后增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变患者的临床分析