刘海波 杨中鑫 范英俊 张杰
[摘 要] 目的:分析高血壓脑出血脑疝手术效果及影响因素,探讨高血压脑出血脑疝的预后预测指标。方法:回顾性分析2013年2月—2016年2月于我院接受手术治疗的高血压脑出血脑疝患者105例资料。按照患者术后6个月预后质量,将格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)Ⅳ~Ⅴ级者纳入预后良好组,将Ⅰ~Ⅲ级者纳入预后不良组,分析年龄、GCS评分、血肿量、手术时机等因素对患者预后的影响。结果:105例患者中,预后良好46例(43.81%),预后不良59例(56.19%)。大量血肿、GCS评分≤8分、脑室积血、中线移位≥1 cm、术后再出血、术后肺部感染为影响高血压脑出血脑疝手术效果的独立危险因素,发病后6 h内手术为保护性因素(P<0.05)。结论:急诊大骨瓣减压血肿清除术对合并脑疝患者效果尚可,充分减压,尽早实施手术、完善围术期综合治疗,有望降低患者病死、病残率。
[关键词] 高血压脑出血;脑疝;手术;影响因素
中图分类号:R742 文献标识码:A 文章编号:2095-5200(2017)01-053-03
DOI:10.11876/mimt201701021
Analysis of the factors and surgical effect of in treatment of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage complicated with cerebral hernia LIU Haibo,YANG Zhongxin,FAN Yingjun,ZHANG Jie. (Department of Neurosurgery,The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College,Chengdu 610000 China)
[Abstract] Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect and factors of hernia surgery in treatment of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage, and to discuss the predictors for the prognosis of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage complicated with cerebral hernia. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted to analyze the data of 105 cases of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage combined with cerebral hernia admitted to our hospital for surgical treatment from February 2013 to February 2016. According to the prognosis quality of patients 6 months after operation, patients prognosis quality was evaluated by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) as IV-V were included in the good prognosis group, I-III in poor prognosis group, and the effect of age, GCS score, hematoma volume, operation time and other factors on the prognosis of the patients were analyzed. Results: Among the 105 patients, the prognosis was good in 46 cases (43.81%), and the prognosis was poor in 59 cases (56.19%). A large amount of hematoma, GCS score≤8, intraventricular hemorrhage, midline shift≥1 cm, postoperative bleeding, postoperative pulmonary infection was the independent risk factor of surgical effect of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage complicated with cerebral hernia, and conducting the surgery within 6 h after onset of the disease was a protective factor (P<0.05). Conclusions: emergency large craniectomy hematoma decompression on patients hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage complicated with cerebral hernia is acceptable, fully decompressed as well as surgery should be conducted as soon as possible, and the perioperative treatment should be improved to reduce the mortality and disability.
[Key words] hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage; cerebral hernia; surgery; influencing factors
高血压脑出血是由血压升高所致自发性脑出血,是神经科常见病、高发病,以起病急、病情变化快、病死率高为主要特点,患者预后良好率往往低于50%[1]。手术是解除脑出血占位效应、减轻局部脑组织水肿的有效方案 [2]。脑疝是高血压脑出血患者致死的最危险因素之一,合并脑疝患者昏迷加深,术后占位效应、脑水肿持续时间长,手术疗效受限[3]。本研究就影响高血压脑出血脑疝患者手术效果及近远期预后的危险因素进行了分析,以期为临床治疗提供参考。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
2013年2月—2016年2月于我院接受手术治疗且随访时间≥6个月的高血压脑出血脑疝患者共105例,均参照《各类脑血管疾病诊断要点》确诊[4]。患者男60例,女45例,出血部位:基底节区62例,脑叶20例,小脑23例,其中65例于发病后6 h内接受手术,其余40例于发病后6~24 h
接受手术。急诊行气管切开或气管插管,必要时给予机械通气;行急诊大骨瓣减压血肿清除术[5];围手术期脱水、支持、 营养神经、处理并发症等相关治疗,术后给予高压氧治疗及机械通气。术后10例患者发生再出血,30例发生上消化道出血,21例发生肺部感染。
1.2 分析方法
患者术后6個月进行格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS),GOS分级[6]:Ⅰ级:死亡;Ⅱ级:植物生存;Ⅲ级:重残;Ⅳ级:轻中度残;Ⅴ级:恢复良好。按照GOS,将恢复良好、轻中度残者纳入预后良好组,将重残至死亡者纳入预后不良组,统计两组患者年龄、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)、血肿量等临床资料,将存在统计学差异的因素纳入Logistic多因素回归分析,总结影响高血压脑出血脑疝手术效果的影响因素。其中,血肿量分级标准为[7]:少量出血:基底节区或脑叶出血量<30 mL,小脑出血量<10 mL;中量出血:基底节区或脑叶出血量30~50 mL,小脑出血量10~15 mL;大量出血:基底节区或脑叶出血量>50 mL,小脑出血量>15 mL。
1.3 统计学分析
SPSS20.0进行分析,单因素分析计数资料(年龄、GCS评分、血肿量等)以(n/%)表示,并采用χ2检验,对影响高血压脑出血脑疝手术效果的影响因素采用Logistic多因素回归分析,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
105例患者中,恢复良好14例、轻中度残32例,预后良好组共46例(43.81%),其余59例(56.19%)预后不良,重残18例、植物生存13例、死亡28例。
预后良好组与预后不良组血肿量、GCS评分、脑室积血、中线移位、手术时机及术后再出血、肺部感染发生情况比较,差异有统计学意义(P>0.05)。
以预后不良(y=1)和预后良好(y=0)为因变量,回归分析显示大量血肿、GCS评分≤8分、脑室积血、中线移位≥1 cm、术后再出血、术后肺部感染为影响高血压脑出血脑疝手术效果的独立危险因素,发病后6 h内手术为保护性因素(P<0.05)。
3 讨论
高血压脑出血脑疝进展至双侧瞳孔散大时,患者预后往往极差,故过往针对该类患者临床一般不建议行手术治疗[8]。医疗技术水平的提高,也提高了脑疝患者手术率,改善了患者预后[9]。本研究分析结果表明,急诊大骨瓣减压血肿清除术在保证患者生存质量方面具有一定意义,患者术后生存率可达到73.33%,但仅43.81%患者术后6个月预后良好,且未遗留残疾者仅占13.33%,说明整体救治水平仍存在提升空间。
通过多因素分析,可以发现,血肿量、GCS评分、脑室积血、中线移位及术后再出血、肺部感染对于患者预后质量的影响较为明显。分析原因为1)血肿量的增加意味着颅内占位效应的增强,对于已形成脑疝的患者而言,大量血肿往往造成中线结构严重移位[10],Korja等[11]发现,与血肿量<30 mL的高血压脑出血患者相比,血肿量超过60 mL的患者,其病死风险上升3.6倍,预后结局也较差; 2)出血及血液破入脑室所致上行网状系统受累是造成高血压脑出血脑疝患者发生意识障碍、GCS评分下降的主要原因[12],
而GCS评分不超过8分者,其脑组织往往受到较为严重的不可逆性损害,预后质量较差;3)脑室积血可压迫脑干上行网状激动系统、阻塞脑室系统、诱发严重脑血管痉挛,加剧患者意识障碍、脑脊液循环障碍等病理生理改变,并引发继发性脑损害[13-14],也是造成患者重残、植物生存甚至死亡的重要原因之一;4)患者血肿自身的压迫可导致中线移位,而中线移位超过1 cm者具有更高的微血栓形成风险[15],此时脑组织缺血、缺氧严重,继发性脑水肿与脑干损害使患者恢复质量往往不够理想;5)术后再出血的发生多与血压控制不佳、止血不彻底、严重应激反应及药物使用不当有关,而患者术后长期卧床、慢性炎症状态,也导致其肺部感染发生率较高[16],上述术后并发症均可影响患者恢复速度,甚至间接造成患者死亡。
本研究结果亦显示,发病后6 h内行超早期手术有助于改善患者预后质量,说明此时实施手术能够尽最大限度避免血肿压迫及血肿液化引发的化学性刺激,终止脑组织损伤的恶性循环[17-18],因此,无论患者病情是否危重、急骤,均建议行超早期手术,以改善其恢复质量。
总体而言,高血压脑出血脑疝手术效果值得肯定,但多数患者预后质量仍不够理想,应完善围术期干预策略,尽早实施手术,并注重术后再出血、肺部感染的防治,控制患者预后不良的危险因素,降低其病死率与病残率。
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