张馨心,房 辉,甄艳凤,徐 刚,许 静,张丹丹
(1.河北医科大学研究生学院,河北 石家庄 050017;2.河北省唐山市工人医院内分泌二科,河北 唐山 063000;3.河北省唐山市工人医院烧伤科,河北 唐山 063000)
·论 著·
血清可溶性E-选择素水平与2型糖尿病患者认知功能障碍的相关性研究
张馨心1,房 辉2*,甄艳凤2,徐 刚3,许 静2,张丹丹2
(1.河北医科大学研究生学院,河北 石家庄 050017;2.河北省唐山市工人医院内分泌二科,河北 唐山 063000;3.河北省唐山市工人医院烧伤科,河北 唐山 063000)
目的探讨血清可溶性E-选择素(soluble E-selectin,sE-selectin)水平与2型糖尿病患者认知功能障碍的相关性。方法检测80例2型糖尿病患者(病例组)及同期80例健康者(对照组)的血清sE-selectin水平,并收集所有研究对象的一般资料,包括年龄、性别、受教育年限、体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、病程等,以及生化指标,包括超敏C反应蛋白(high-sensitivity C-reactive protein,hsCRP)、同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)、空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)、空腹胰岛素(fasting serum lisulin,FIN)、糖化血红蛋白(hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、三酰甘油(Triglycerides,TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein,LDL-C)等。计算稳态胰岛素评价指数(homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance,HOMA-IR)并进行可再次检测的成套神经心理状态测量量表(Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsyehological Status,RBANS)评分。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测sE-selectin浓度,比较2组sE-selectin浓度及认知功能是否存在差异,并分析sE-selectin与认知功能的相关性。将病例组进一步分为高sE-selectin浓度水平组和低sE-selectin浓度水平组,比较2组之间认知功能是否存在差异。结果①与对照组比较,病例组病程长,BMI、FPG、HbA1c、TC、TG、LDL-C、hsCRP、Hcy、HOMA-IR、sE-selectin浓度水平较高(P<0.05);②与对照组比较,病例组 RBANS即时记忆、语言功能、注意力、延迟记忆评分以及总分降低(P<0.05);③在病例组中,与高sE-selectin浓度水平组相比,低sE-selectin浓度水平组即时记忆、视觉广度、语言功能、延迟记忆评分以及总分降低(P<0.05);④在T2DM患者中,sE-selectin浓度与HOMA-IR呈正相关,与即刻记忆、言语功能、注意力、延迟记忆、总分呈负相关,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论sE-selectin可能参与了2型糖尿病患者认知功能障碍的发生发展过程。
糖尿病,2型;可溶性E-选择素;认知
2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)作为一种系统性疾病,除引起大血管病变[1]和周围神经等病变外,也可累及中枢神经系统[2],这使得认知损害发生的风险更高[3]。有研究显示,10.8%~17.5%的认知功能障碍是由T2DM引起的[4],但其确切机制尚不祥。E-选择素(E-selectin)是黏附分子中选择素家族成员,为Ⅰ型单链糖蛋白,仅在内皮细胞上表达,具有组织特异性和细胞因子可诱导性,参与炎症反应、介导起始黏附[5]。循环中的血清可溶性E-选择素(soluble E-selectin,sE-selectin)是其脱落而形成的异构体。近年来,sE-selectin在动脉粥样硬化、血栓、微血管并发症及胰岛素抵抗中的地位日益受到关注[6]。然而,血清sE-selectin水平与糖尿病认知功能障碍的研究仍较少。
1.1 一般资料 选择2015年5—7月在河北省唐山市工人医院就诊的T2DM患者80例为病例组,男性41例,女性39例,年龄33~80岁,平均(56.25±9.04)岁,受教育年限5~18年,平均(11.39±2.84)年,病程1~25年,平均(9.23±4.69)年;根据sE-selectin浓度中位数水平,将病例组分为高sE-selectin浓度组和低sE-selectin浓度组。同期来院体检健康者80例为对照组,男性38例,女性42例,年龄33~79岁,平均(56.14±10.64)岁,受教育年限5~18年,平均(11.04±2.75)年。2组性别、年龄、受教育年限等一般资料差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 纳入和排除标准 纳入标准:符合1999年世界卫生组织2型糖尿病诊断标准。排除标准:①各种急慢性感染,检查前1个月有明确手术创伤史;②先天性智能障碍,多次脑卒中以及外伤等导致脑病可能;③排除高血压采用JNC-Ⅵ标准(正常血压为收缩压<130 mmHg,舒张压<85 mmHg);④有与免疫有关的疾病,曾经应用精神抑制药物或免疫抑制治疗;⑤甲状腺及肝肾功能异常者,酒精依赖者;⑥文盲或交流困难不能配合检查者。
本研究经医院伦理委员会批准,研究对象均知情同意并自愿参加。
1.3 研究方法
1.3.1 观测指标 比较病例组和对照组体质量指数(body mass index,BMI),以及超敏C反应蛋白(high-sensitivity C-reactive protein,hsCRP)、同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)、空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c)、空腹胰岛素(fasting serum lisulin,FIN)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、三酰甘油(triglycerides,TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、稳态胰岛素评价指数[homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance,HOMA-IR(HOMA-IR=空腹胰岛素×空腹血糖÷22.5)]等指标。
1.3.2 sE-selectin浓度测定 受试者于清晨空腹抽取静脉血 5 mL,离心取上清液,放入-80 ℃冰箱中保存备用。应用双抗体夹心ABC-ELISA法检测sE-selectin浓度,该试剂盒由上海森雄科技实业有限公司提供。
1.3.3 评估认知功能 采用2007年引入我国的中文版,可再次检测的成套神经心理状态测量量表(Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsyehological Status,RBANS),对受试者进行12项(词汇学习、故事复述、线条定位、图形复制、语义流畅性、图片命名、编码、数字广度、词汇回忆、再识、故事回忆及图形回忆)、涵盖5种神经心理状态(即时记忆、视觉广度、言语功能、注意力、延迟记忆)的测试,评估其认知功能。整个过程于20~30 min内完成,根据各测试得分,查RBANS刺激手册附带的分值转换表,校正年龄后,得出总分。鉴于RBANS由专业神经心理学人员制定,而且在汉族人群中试用信度和效度良好,故被认为是评估认知功能的金标准。比较病例组与对照组以及病例2个亚组间的认知功能。
1.4 统计学方法 应用 SPSS 21.0 统计软件进行
数据分析。正态分布的计量资料组间比较采用t检验;非正态分布的计量资料以中位数和四分位数[M(Q1,Q3)]表示,组间比较采用秩和检验。相关性采用Pearson相关分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2.1 病例组与对照组一般资料和生化指标比较 与对照组比较,病例组BMI、FPG、HbA1c、TC、TG、LDL-C、hsCRP、Hcy、HOMA-IR、sE-selectin 水平较高(P<0.05);而2组HDL-C差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。
表1 2组一般资料及生化指标比较
组别BMIFPG(mmol/L)HbA1c(%)TC(mmol/L)病例组25.81±3.0411.26±2.288.9(7.6,10.2)5.17±0.95对照组23.86±2.654.89±0.495.1(4.3,5.4)4.73±1.15t/Z4.32024.43010.8962.600P0.0000.0000.0000.010组别TG(mmol/L)LDL-C(mmol/L)HDL-C(mmol/L)hsCRP(mg/L)病例组1.66(1.08,2.19)3.38±1.150.98±0.2611.23±3.44对照组1.23(0.95,1.78)2.88±0.861.05±0.269.53±3.38t/Z2.9283.130-1.810 3.150P0.0030.0020.0720.002组别Hcy(μmol/L)HOMA-IRsE-selectin(mg/L)病例组11.96±5.3914.30±0.33196.60±62.8对照组9.57±2.241.12±0.3095.24±12.64t3.6706.38114.150P0.0000.0000.000
2.2 病例组与对照组RBANS评分比较 病例组 RBANS中即刻记忆、言语功能、注意力、延迟记忆评分以及总分均较对照组低(P<0.05),见表2。
表2 病例组与对照组RBANS评分比较
2.3 T2DM患者高、低sE-selectin浓度组RBANS评分比较 在T2DM患者中,与高sE-selectin浓度组比较,低sE-selectin浓度组RBANS中即时记忆、视觉广度、言语功能、延迟记忆评分以及总分降低(P<0.05);而2组注意力评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表3。
表3 2型糖尿病患者高、低sE-selectin浓度组RBANS评分比较
2.4 相关性分析 在T2DM患者中,sE-selectin浓度与HOMA-IR呈正相关,与即刻记忆、言语功能、注意力、延迟功能、总分呈负相关,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表4。
表4 sE-selectin浓度与一般资料和RBANS评分的相关性
2015年国际糖尿病联盟资料显示约3.78亿成年人患糖尿病,未来20年将新增2.05亿糖尿病患者[7]。有研究发现,糖尿病患者,尤其是T2DM[8]患者罹患阿尔茨海默病和血管性痴呆的风险增加[9],出现认知功能障碍[10],其使推理、记忆、学习、注意力、智力等方面的能力下降[11],尤其在复杂信息处理或词语记忆功能方面异常明显。本研究显示T2DM患者RBANS中即刻记忆、言语功能、注意力、延迟记忆评分以及总分均降低,提示认知功能下降,与目前研究结果相符。
糖尿病是一种代谢综合征,伴随着冠心病、中风、外周血管病危险性增加,而可能机制包括晚期糖基化终产物的作用、活性氧簇的作用、促凝血状态、胰岛素抵抗和高胰岛素血症等,都不能完全解释这种血管疾病增加的原因。近年来,随着研究的深入,人们发现胰岛素抵抗可导致内皮功能障碍,但确切机制尚不明确。研究显示,sE-selectin主要表达于活化的内皮细胞,循环中的sE-selectin可反映体内sE-selectin在血管内皮的表达程度,而sE-selectin水平的上升被视为内皮活化的指标[12],并可反映病情的严重程度。而糖尿病及其并发症可伴随相关细胞因子水平的升高,这能够刺激sE-selectin在血管内皮的表达,进而使循环内的sE-selectin浓度升高。研究显示,T2DM患者sE-selectin水平升高[13]。本研究对比了单纯T2DM患者与正常人血清sE-selectin浓度水平,结果显示前者sE-selectin浓度水平较后者显著升高,并且与胰岛素抵抗呈正相关。目前研究也发现,胰岛素抵抗与sE-selectin的升高息息相关[14-16]。
sE-selectin是炎性反应中大多数白细胞与内皮细胞形成接触时的起动因子,对于白细胞的聚集、浸润与细胞黏附分子的参与尤为重要。有研究表明,高血糖可激活NF-κB,使内皮细胞与中性粒细胞黏附性增强,刺激sE-selectin的表达。而NF-κB的过表达又可损伤海马神经元,进而加速糖尿病认知功能障碍的发生发展进程。而研究也证实,糖尿病可以通过引发微血管并发症,破坏血-脑脊液屏障[17],进而引起脑血管病变、缺血性卒中,造成认知相关脑区的损害,从而加速认知损害与痴呆的发生[18]。并且Close等[19]、Kasza等[20]发现,T2DM或伴有微血管并发症的患者中,sE-selectin 的水平也有不同程度的提高。本研究检测了T2DM患者血清中的sE-selectin浓度,结果显示血清sE-selectin浓度与T2DM认知功能相关。根据sE-selectin的组织特异性,表明糖尿病患者存在内皮活化、损伤更新过程。由此推断,循环中的sE-selectin浓度可一定程度上提示认知功能受损的程度。而本研究将糖尿病患者血清中的sE-selectin浓度以中位数分为高低浓度2个组别,分析其与认知功能的关系,也得出同样的结果。
综上所述,T2DM患者伴有认知功能下降,血清sE-selectin浓度升高,并且其升高水平与认知功能下降相关。因此,或可通过检测血清sE-selectin水平,来评估T2DM患者认知功能障碍的发生发展,这为阐明糖尿病认知功能障碍的发病机制提供了一个新角度。
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(本文编辑:刘斯静)
Correlation of level of serum soluble E-selectin with cognitive dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
ZHANG Xin-xin1, FANG Hui2*, ZHEN Yan-feng2, XU Gang3, XU Jing2, ZHANG Dan-dan2
(1.GraduateSchoolofHebeiMedicalUniversity,Shijiazhuang050017,China; 2.SecondDepartmentofEndocrinology,TangshanGongrenHospital,Tangshan,Hebei063000,China; 3.BurnsSurgery,TangshanGongrenHospital,Tangshan,Hebei063000,China)
Objective To investigate the association of level of serum soluble E-selectin(sE-selectin) with cognitive deficits in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) patients. Methods Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is used to determine the sE-selectin level in 80 cases of patients and 80 controls without T2DM from the Medical Examination Center. The data on demographic characteristics including age, gender, education, body mass index(BMI) and duration of illness were recored. Clinical parameters including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hsCRP), Homocysteine(Hcy), fasting plasma glucose(FPG), fasting serum lisulin(FIN), hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c), total cholesterol(TC), Triglycerides(TG), high density lipoprotein(HDL-C), low density lipoprotein(LDL-C) and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance(HOMA-IR) were collected. Cognitive performance was assessed by the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status(RBANS) which consists of five subtests including immediate memory, visuospatial constructional, language, attention and delayed memory; and the scores from the above five subtests were scaled together to create a total score. Difference in RBANS scores was compared between the T2DM group and control group. T2DM patients were divided into high sE-selectin level group and low sE-selectin level group according to the median level of sE-selectin, and the difference in cognitive function was compared between the two groups. Results Serum FPG, HbA1c,TC, TG, LDL-C, hsCRP, Hcy, HOMA-IR levels, BMI, and the level of sE-selectin of the T2DM patients were higher than those of the controls(P<0.05). RBANS scores were lower in the T2DM patients than in the controls on the total score and all subtests(P<0.05) expect for constructional of RBANS. In the T2DM patients, immediate memory, visuospatial constructional, language, delayed memory and total score of the patients with low sE-selectin were lower than those of the patients with high sE-selectin(P<0.05). In T2DM patients, sE-selectin concentration was positively correlated with HOMA-IR and negatively correlated with immediate memory, language, attention, delayed function and total score, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion sE-selectin may be involved in the occurrence and development of cognitive dysfunction in patients with T2DM patients.
diabetes mellitus, type 2; soluble E-selectin; cognition
2016-12-15;
2017-01-04
河北省自然科学基金(H2015105083)
张馨心(1987-),女,河北唐山人,河北医科大学研
R587.1
A
1007-3205(2017)03-0274-05
10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2017.03.007
究生学院医学硕士研究生,从事内分泌与代谢病诊治研究。