陈裴裴
以呼吸困难为首要表现的Erdheim-Chester病一例
陈裴裴
Erdheim-Chester; 朗格汉斯细胞增生症
Erdheim-Chester病又叫做多骨硬化性组织细胞增生病,为不明原因非朗格汉斯细胞组织增生症,主要侵犯长骨,但有33%累及肺间质及胸膜[1-2],导致长期咳嗽甚至呼吸困难,为呼吸科罕见病例。本文搜集来我院就诊,以长期咳嗽及呼吸困难为主要表现的1例Erdheim-Chester患者报道报告如下。
患者男性,47岁,务农,不吸烟,因反复干咳1年、活动后气短3月到我院就诊,经肺螺旋CT诊断为间质性肺疾病可能收治入院,经纤支镜钳取病理组织,及病理会诊,诊断为Erdheim-Chester病。入院未治疗前肺功能提示,轻度限制性肺功能障碍伴轻度弥散功能异常。限制性障碍:FVC/预计值=75.3%;弥散功能障碍:DLCO SB/预计值=69.2%。其余辅助检查,如血气分析、血常规、肝肾功、抗核抗体普、血沉等检查均正常,心脏超声未见明显异常。体征情况:呼吸频率23次/min,双肺听诊呼吸音清晰,未闻及干湿罗音;心尖搏动位置无异常,心脏浊音界无增大,心音无亢进、减弱及病理性分裂,心律齐,各瓣膜听诊区未闻及病理性杂音。腹主动脉及肾区未闻及血管杂音。浅表淋巴结无肿大,双下肢无水肿。经激素冲击及免疫抑制剂(长春新碱)联合治疗后,呼吸困难较前减轻后出院。患者本次住院,无骨痛、反酸、呕吐,肾功能正常,无心包积液及心脏形态学改变。肺功能提示,轻度限制性肺功能障碍伴轻度弥散功能异常。患者的肺螺旋CT及病例检查结果,见图1及图2。院内治疗,激素冲击甲泼尼龙80 mg/d静滴7 d,患者经过激素冲击治疗1周后,患者活动后气短症状较前明显改善,咳嗽次数明显减少。出院后泼尼松50 mg口服,每周减少5 mg,目前门诊随访中。
Erdheim-Chester病为原因不明的全身多系统疾病,多见于40岁以上患者,无性别差异,目前的病理学发现主要是单核-巨噬细胞系统的细胞株增生,病因未明[3]。主要累及长骨、胸膜、肺间质、肾周、血管周围及脑膜组织,通常为对称性分布。虽然该病近半数累及长骨,造成骨硬化,但绝大多数骨硬化症状,少数有轻微持续性骨痛[4-5]。累及肺脏时,可出现咳嗽及呼吸困难,症状逐步、缓慢进展,肺功能表现主要为弥散功能降低。本文的患者,即为长期咳嗽,逐渐出现活动后气短到医院就诊,行CT发现肺间质病变。该病可累及肾脏,造成肾功能衰竭(15%);有20%左右的患者累及下丘脑及神经垂体,造成尿崩症;15%患者累及眶后引起眼球突出;也有部分患者累及心脏及大血管。本文患者无眼球突出、尿崩症和眼球突出[6-10]。
Erdheim-Chester病的CT表现,主要为小叶间隔光滑增厚,胸腔积液和胸膜、叶间裂增厚,疾病浸润肺泡或造成支气管狭窄,可出现局部磨玻璃影,一般无纵隔及肺门淋巴结肿大。累及心血管系统时,可出现心包积液及大动脉“外套”(软组织增厚包绕),“外套”现象还可出现在肾脏[11]。骨骼的表现主要是密度增高的骨硬化表现。本文患者可见典型肺间质病变及骨硬化影像学特点。
Erdheim-Chester病可以通过病理确诊,其镜下表现为炎症细胞纤浸润及组织纤维化。免疫组化CD68、S-100阳性,但CD1a阴性(与朗格汉斯组织细胞增多症重要病理鉴别)[13-14]。本文患者纤支镜钳取物可见炎症细胞浸润肺间质、免疫组化阳性等典型病理特点。治疗该病的主要方法是激素冲击治疗和免疫抑制治疗,局部压迫性病变可行姑息性放疗缓解症状。目前认为,充分治疗可以缓解症状,改善肺功能,但能否延长生存期等仍缺乏足够的循证医学证据[12]。普遍认为,其预后与病变累及的骨外器官严重程度相关,目前的循证医学证据表明其3年存活率在65%以上[12-14]。
Erdheim-Chester病为呼吸科的罕见疾病,但却容易诊断和鉴别,“骨硬化病灶”、“胸膜及小叶间隔增厚”和“肾及大血管的外套征”为其典型特点及诊断要点。因此,遇到对称性胸膜及小叶间隔增厚的CT表现,除了考虑其他类型的弥漫性间质性肺疾病外,Erdheim-Chester病仍需要考虑。
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(本文编辑:王亚南)
陈裴裴. 以呼吸困难为首要表现的Erdheim-Chester病一例[J/CD]. 中华肺部疾病杂志(电子版), 2017, 10(1): 104-105.
10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-6902.2017.01.030
400037 重庆,第三军医大学新桥医院呼吸内科
R563
B
2016-05-17)