推荐论文摘要

李阳，薛兆杰

推荐论文摘要

中国石化油气田开发工程技术面临的挑战与发展方向

李阳，薛兆杰

油气田开发工程技术的进步，为原油生产的稳定增长和天然气的快速发展提供了重要的支撑，但是开发对象日趋复杂化以及持续的低油价，需要开发工程技术创新发展，形成适应性更强的、成本更低的配套开发技术。总结了中国石化油气开发的趋势及工程技术面临的挑战，分析了高含水老油田、深层油气、非常规油气、深水油气对开发工程技术的需求，提出了开发工程技术的发展方向，并从工程技术创新、技术经济适应性、研发试验平台建设等方面提出加快工程技术发展的建议。这对推动油气开发工程技术发展，实现我国油气资源的高效开发、保障国家能源供应具有重要意义。

油气田开发；工程技术；技术挑战；发展方向；中国石化

来源出版物：石油钻探技术, 2016(1): 1-5

深水油气勘探开发技术发展现状与趋势

吕建中，郭晓霞，杨金华

摘要：海洋是全球油气资源的重点接替区之一，深水将成为未来海上油气开发的主战场，深水在全球勘探开发投资、储量增长和产量等领域占有重要的地位，成为国际大石油公司争相布局的重要领域。然而除了涉及资金量巨大、对项目运作管理要求高等挑战外，深水勘探开发还要面临严酷的自然及气候条件、水深、低温、浅层地质灾害、作业安全等风险，因此，深水油气勘探开发成为技术创新的重要领域。在各个专业技术领域，创新技术都在降本增效、提高作业安全性方面发挥了关键的作用。在梳理深水勘探开发现状、分析总结深水油气勘探开发面临的五大技术挑战的基础上，归纳总结创新技术在深水自动化、海底化、多功能化和革新性方面取得的进展。

关键词：深水；勘探；开发；技术；现状；趋势

来源出版物：石油钻采工艺, 2015 (1): 1-6

联系邮箱：吕建中，lvjz@cnpc.com.cn

油水分离技术

吴应湘，许晶禹

摘要：随着油田开采时间的增长，产出液中含水率逐年增加，部分井液的含水率高达95%以上，给目前已有的处理工艺带来新的挑战。为了解决这些问题，急需研发新型的油水分离技术，以解决传统技术所遇到的瓶颈。该文结合目前油气开发的新需求，系统地介绍了油水分离的技术现状，讨论了含油污水深度处理技术的特点，分析了未来油水分离技术的发展趋势。同时，结合力学研究所研制的新型管道式油水分离技术，详细介绍了柱型分离、导流片型分离、以及T型管分离等新技术，提出了新型管道式分离技术具有的技术优势，可解决稠油开采、海底作业、以及井下分离等难题，指明了技术发展方向。

关键词：油水分离；含油污水处理；管道式分离技术

来源出版物：力学进展, 2015, 45(1): 179-216

深海天然气田开发工程模式探讨

白建辉，单连政，易成高，等

摘要：传统深海天然气田开发工程模式是通过铺设海底管道将天然气田产物输送至陆地，由于受水深、海底地形、技术可行性及天然气田经济效益等多种因素的制约，限制了其在深海天然气田开发中的应用。FLNG装置或 CNG船与海上天然气生产设施组合为新型的深海天然气田开发工程模式，以投资相对较低、建设周期短、灵活机动性好及目标市场可选范围广等优点备受关注。通过调研FLNG装置及 CNG船的技术发展概况，详细分析了3种适合深海天然气田开发工程模式的特点，对比总结出深海天然气田开发工程模式优选的参考条件。以FLNG装置及 CNG船为代表的深海天然气田新型开发技术将打破传统深海天然气田开发工程模式，成为深海油气开发技术发展的重要里程碑。

关键词：天然气；开发工程模式；深海；FLNG；CNG

来源出版物：航空制造技术, 2015, 476(7): 48-52

我国海洋油气开发与未来潜力分析

李志忠，赵宏伟，周昶，等

摘要：文章通过对我国海洋油气开发生产历史的梳理，指出我国近海盆地油气产量增长的巨大基础在于油气新领域的一次次突破。同时，在总结我国海洋油气资源开发现状的基础上，对当前我国海洋油气资源新领域突破前景及方向进行了探讨。

关键词：海洋油气；跨越发展；新领域；未来潜力

来源出版物：中国能源, 2015, 37(4): 41-44

“井工厂”技术在我国非常规油气开发中的应用

张金成，孙连忠，王甲昌，等

摘要：“井工厂”技术能大幅度提高作业效率、降低工程成本，在致密油气、页岩油气等低渗透、低品位的非常规油气开发中具有显著的技术优势，因此该技术在北美地区进行了大规模应用，取得了巨大的经济效益。为了使该技术更好地应用于我国非常规油气开发中，在详细阐述“井工厂”技术的概念和特点的基础上，介绍了国外该技术的发展和应用现状，梳理了国内中国石油、中国石化对该技术的探索应用情况，并分析指出，国内配套的装备仪器还不能完全适应“井工厂”作业的需求，还没有实现真正意义上的流水线式施工，还没有形成一套成熟的“井工厂”作业模式。因此，建议树立“全过程低成本”的基本理念，总结我国致密气藏开发的成功经验，有针对性地集成和发展相配套的工程技术，设立“井工厂”技术项目部，规范管理，以形成真正符合我国非常规油气资源类型和开发规律的“井工厂”技术。

关键词：非常规油气；井工厂；钻井；完井；压裂

来源出版物：石油钻探技术, 2014, 42(1): 20-25

联系邮箱：张金成，zhangjc.sripe@sinopec.com

关键词：shale gas development; environmental impacts; enforcement and compliance; monitoring; reporting and verification

来源出版物：Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2015, 121, 73-81

Unconventional natural gas development and birth outcomes in Pennsylvania, USA

Casey, JA; Savitz, DA; Rasmussen, SG; et al.

Abstract:Background: Unconventional natural gas development has expanded rapidly. In Pennsylvania, the number of producing wells increased from 0 in 2005 to3689 in 2013. Few publications have focused on unconventional natural gas development and birth outcomes. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study using electronic health record data on 9384 mothers linked to 10946 neonates in the Geisinger Health System from January 2009 to January 2013. We estimated cumulative exposure to unconventional natural gas development activity with an inverse-distance squared model that incorporated distance to the mother’s home; dates and durations of well pad development, drilling, and hydraulic fracturing; and production volume during the pregnancy. We used multilevel linear and logistic regression models to examine associations between activity index quartile and term birth weight, preterm birth, low 5-minute Apgar score and small size for gestational age birth, while controlling for potential confounding variables. Results: In adjusted models, there was an association between unconventional natural gas development activity and preterm birth that increased across quartiles, with a fourth quartile odds ratio of 1.4 (95% confidence interval = 1.0, 1.9). There were no associations of activity with Apgar score, small for gestational age birth, or term birth weight (after adjustment for year). In a posthoc analysis, there was an association with physician-recorded high-risk pregnancy identified from the problem list (fourth vs. first quartile, 1.3Conclusion: Prenatal residential exposure to unconventional natural gas development activity was associated with two pregnancy outcomes, adding to evidence that unconventional natural gas development may impact health.

来源出版物：Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 2016, 27(2): 163-172

联系邮箱：Schwartz, BS; bschwar1@jhu.edu

A study on the future of unconventional oil development under different oil price scenarios: A systemdynamics approach

Hosseini, SH; Shakouri, GF

Abstract:Fluctuations in the oil global market has been a critical topic for the world economy so that analyzing and forecasting the conventional oil production rate has been examined by many researchers thoroughly. However, the dynamics of the market has not been studied systematically with regard to the new emerging competitors, namely unconventional oil. In this paper, the future trend of conventional and unconventional oil production and capacity expansion rates are analyzed using system dynamics approach. To do so, a supply-side modeling approach is utilized while main effective loops are modeled mathematically as follows: technological learning and progress, long and short-term profitability of oil capacity expansion and production, and oil proved reserve limitations. The proposed model is used to analyze conventional and unconventional oil production shares, up to 2025, under different oil price scenarios. The results show that conventional oil production rate ranges from 79.995 to 87.044 MB/day, which is 75–80 percent of total oil production rate, while unconventional oil production rate ranges from 19.615 to 28.584 MB/day. Simulation results reveal that unconventional oil can gain a considerable market share in the short run, although conventional oil will remain as the major source for the market in the long run.

关键词：conventional oil production; unconventional oil production; oil price; scenario analysis; system dynamics

来源出版物：Energy Policy, 2016, 91: 64-74

联系邮箱：Hosseini, SH; s.h.hosseini@ut.ac.ir

Characterization and analysis of liquid waste from marcellus shale gas development

Shih, JS; Saiers, JE; Anisfeld, SC; et al.

Abstract:Hydraulic fracturing of shale for gas production in Pennsylvania generates large quantities of wastewater, the composition of which has been inadequately characterized. We compiled a unique data set from staterequired wastewater generator reports filed in 2009–2011. The resulting data set, comprising 160 samples of flowback, produced water, and drilling wastes, analyzed for 84 different chemicals, is the most comprehensive available to date for Marcellus Shale wastewater. We analyzed the data set using the Kaplan–Meier method to deal with the high prevalence of nondetects for some analytes, and compared wastewater characteristics with permitted effluent limits and ambient monitoring limits and capacity. Major-ion concentrations suggested that most wastewater samples originated from dilution of brines, although some of our samples were more concentrated than any Marcellus brines previously reported. One problematic aspect of this wastewater was the very high concentrationsof soluble constituents such as chloride, which are poorly removed by wastewater treatment plants; the vast majority of samples exceeded relevant water quality thresholds, generally by 2–3 orders of magnitude. We also examine the capacity of regional regulatory monitoring to assess and control these risks.

来源出版物：Environmental Science & Technology, 2015, 49(16): 9557-9565

联系邮箱：Olmstead, SMM; sheila.olmstead@austin. utexas.edu

Characterization and analysis of liquid waste from Marcellus Shale gas development

Shih, JS; Saiers, JE; Anisfeld, SC; et al.

Abstract:Hydraulic fracturing of shale for gas production in Pennsylvania generates large quantities of wastewater, the composition of which has been inadequately characterized. We compiled a unique data set from state-required wastewater generator reports filed in 2009–2011. The resulting data set, comprising 160 samples of flowback, produced water, and drilling wastes, analyzed for 84 different chemicals, is the most comprehensive available to date for Marcellus Shale wastewater. We analyzed the data set using the Kaplan–Meier method to deal with the high prevalence of nondetects for some analytes, and compared wastewater characteristics with permitted effluent limits and ambient monitoring limits and capacity. Major-ion concentrations suggested that most wastewater samples originated from dilution of brines, although some of our samples were more concentrated than any Marcellus brines previously reported. One problematic aspect of this wastewater was the very high concentrations of soluble constituents such as chloride, which are poorly removed by wastewater treatment plants; the vast majority of samples exceeded relevant water quality thresholds, generally by 2–3 orders of magnitude. We also examine the capacity of regional regulatory monitoring to assess and control these risks.

来源出版物：Environmental Science & Technology, 2015, 49(16): 9557-9565

联系邮箱：Olmstead, SMM, sheila.olmstead@austin. utexas.edu

编辑：王微

Catching environmental noncompliance in shale gas development in China and the United States

Guo, MY; Xu, Y; Chen, YQD; et al.

Coal is the top fuel for power generation in both China and the United States. Its replacement is one critical method to mitigate the serious environmental impacts. Natural gas is associated with much less air pollution and is one of the most important alternative fuels. In the United State shale gas – one key type of unconventional natural gas – has become a disruptive energy resource during the past years. China has the world's largest resource of shale gas, and it is keen to develop them to alleviate unacceptable air pollution and to ensure energy security. However, one big obstacle standing between the ambition and the reality is the potentially serious environmental impacts caused by shale gas development. We construct an analytical framework, focusing on the coverage and implementability of monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) systems, to qualitatively evaluate the probability of detecting noncompliance – for enhancing compliance – in China and the United States on three prominent environmental impacts, including water contamination, water consumption and methane leakage. China should improve significantly on the implementability dimension and pay urgent attention to currently weak MRV systems on water contamination. The United States needs to extend the MRV coverage of ground water consumption. Only when the environmental impacts in shale gas development were effectively controlled, the fuel switching to replace coal could bring significant environmental gains.