赵 晨,周 悦,张杨杨,张 辉,骆金华.徐州市中心医院胸外科,徐州 009;.南京医科大学第一附属医院胸心外科,南京009
局限于黏膜下层食管癌淋巴结转移风险的相关因素分析
赵 晨1,周 悦2,张杨杨2,张 辉1,骆金华2
1.徐州市中心医院胸外科,徐州 221009;2.南京医科大学第一附属医院胸心外科,南京210029
目的本研究旨在分析局限于黏膜下层肿瘤(T1b)食管鳞癌的淋巴结转移危险因素及评估其风险。方法回顾性分析112例T1b食管鳞癌患者的病例资料及病理检查报告,其中80例无淋巴结转移的病例作为对照组(N0组),32例有淋巴结转移的作为实验组(N1组)。重新进行肿瘤标本的镜下检查,包括肿瘤的长度、浸润深度及淋巴管和血管的浸润,将T1b浸润深度分为上1/3、中1/3、下1/3(submucosal 1、submucosal 2、submucosal 3,SM1、SM2、SM3)并对淋巴结转移因素进行分析。结果单因素logistics回归分析显,示肿瘤浸润深度、长度和分化程度是影响淋巴结转移的危险因素,多因素logistics回归分析显示,肿瘤分化程度是影响淋巴结转移的独立危险因素(P<0.001),去除肿瘤分化程度的多因素logistics回归分析显示,肿瘤浸润深度是淋巴结转移的第二独立影响因素(P=0.023)。结论T1b食管鳞癌患者的淋巴结转移风险较高,影响因素较多,对于易发生淋巴结转移的患者,外科手术应继续作为标准治疗方法。
食管癌;局限于黏膜下层肿瘤;淋巴结;转移
食管癌的治疗效果在不断提高,但中晚期食管癌的5年生存率仍低于35%[1]。因而针对食管癌的治疗越来越多聚焦于早期的诊断与治疗,早期食管癌即肿瘤局限于黏膜或者黏膜下层的肿瘤越来越多的被发现。随着内窥镜技术的迅速发展,内窥镜技术为早期食管癌的治疗提供了一种新的可行的创伤较小的方法。传统的开放及腔镜辅助下食管癌手术因创伤大、围手术期并发症多和患者住院时间长等因素受到越来越多的挑战。有无淋巴结转移是影响食管癌患者远期预后的主要因素[2],但内窥镜下的治疗仅能进行肿瘤切除无法进行淋巴结清扫,无法评估淋巴结转移风险,对于有淋巴结转移风险的患者食管癌根治手术应继续成为标准治疗方法。本研究旨在分析影响淋巴结转移的高危病理因素,进而为临床实践提供参考。
1.1 临床资料
2014年1月—2015年8月,南京医科大学第一附属医院胸心外科共完成局限于下层肿瘤(T1b)食管鳞癌手术112例,其中对照组80例(N0),男性58例,女性22例,平均(62.138±7.058)岁;实验组(N1组)32例,平均(62.063±7.955)岁。两组病例性别和年龄差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),所有病例术前均未行放化疗等辅助治疗,术前胃镜病理证实为食管鳞癌,术后病理证实肿瘤为T1b。
1.2 病理诊断方法
所有病理标本均采用甲醛溶液固定,常规取材,切片使用苏木精-伊红(HE)染色,由两位病理科医师读片,书写病理报告,若病理诊断有分歧请示上级医师阅片,最终统一诊断意见,统计分析病理资料。
1.3 统计学分析
本研究采用SPSS 16.0统计软件。率的比较采用χ2检验,连续数据的比较采用t检验,单因素及多因素采用logistics回归分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
在112例患者中,29例由于病历资料采集等问题导致缺少血型资料,11例由于肿瘤较早期无法确认病理分型,12例无法确认肿瘤分化程度。除此,A、B两组患者的性别、年龄、血型、肿瘤位置、淋巴结清扫枚数、病理类型、有无癌栓、是否多源癌和住院时间等差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者的肿瘤大小、浸润深度和肿瘤分化程度等差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表1。
表1 两组病例详细资料的比较Tab.1 Comparative analysis of case data in two group
单因素logistics回归分析显示,肿瘤长度、肿瘤浸润深度和肿瘤分化程度是影响淋巴结转移的重要危险因素,而性别、年龄、肿瘤位置和有无癌栓等不是危险因素;多因素logistics回归分析显示,肿瘤分化程度是影响淋巴结转移的独立危险因素(P<0.001);去除肿瘤分化程度的logistics回归分析显示,肿瘤浸润深度是影响淋巴结转移的第二独立影响因素(P=0.02),SM2和SM3的淋巴结转移无明显差异,但SM2+SM3较SM1更易发生淋巴结转移,见表2。
表2 .T1b食管癌淋巴结转移因素logistics回归分析Tab.2 Logistic regression analysis of factors of T1b esophageal lymph node metastasis factors
早期食管癌的淋巴结转移率在有关文献报道中差别较大。黏膜内层(T1a)食管癌中,有文献报道淋巴结转移率为0~10%,差别较小,而对T1b相关文献报道差别较大,淋巴结转移率在7%~50%[3-8]。大量针对T1a食管癌的研究[8-9]表明,其淋巴结的转移率较低,风险较小;另一方面,T1b食管癌的研究表明,其淋巴结转移率较T1a显著提高,且淋巴结转移危险因素较多。本研究回顾分析了112例T1b食管癌的病理资料,对其整个淋巴结转移的相关危险因素进行统计学分析。有文献[10-12]报道,随着肿瘤由SM1到SM3的逐级浸润,淋巴结转移的风险相应提高,这与我们的研究不谋而合,本研究提示肿瘤侵及SM2+SM3较SM1淋巴结转移显著提高,但对于SM1淋巴结的转移风险争论很多,一些文献[10-13]报道SM1的淋巴结转移率接近为0%,而另一些文献[3,8]报道肿瘤侵及SM1时淋巴结转移明显存在。本研究亦提示肿瘤的长度与淋巴结转移风险存在相关性,肿瘤>2 cm较≤2 cm淋巴结转移风险显著提高,这与Sepesi等[8]研究结果一致。国内有学者报道,有癌栓的表浅食管癌的淋巴结转移风险显著高于无癌栓者[14],本研究并未提示有此联系,但肿瘤分化越差,淋巴结转移风险越高,与本研究结果完全一致。
目前对于食管癌的治疗仍以手术为主,辅助进行放化疗等其他治疗[15]。有无淋巴结转移是影响食管癌患者远期预后的重要因素[2],进展期食管癌的淋巴结转移率较高,但早期食管癌的淋巴结转移率较低[3],随着内窥镜技术的日益发展,内镜下黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR)或者内镜黏膜下层剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)为早期食管癌的治疗提供了一种新的治疗方法,并且其较传统外科手术创伤小,围手术期并发症少,对于无淋巴结转移的患者或者身体条件较差无法耐受手术的患者不失为一种可行的治疗方法,但对于有高度淋巴结转移风险的食管癌患者,内窥镜治疗应高度慎重。
本研究我们报道了112例接受食管癌外科手术的T1b食管鳞癌病例,详细分析了与淋巴结转移相关的因素。早期食管癌患者外科手术后5年生存率较高[7],并且外科技术发展已很成熟,手术风险整体可控,因而在分化较差、肿瘤浸润较深解剖层面、肿瘤较大的T1b患者中,食管癌根治术应作为目前的标准治疗方法。目前内窥镜技术发展亦很迅速,主要包括ESD、光学治疗(photodynamic therapy,PDT)和 EMR,其运用于高级别瘤变(high grade dysplasia,HGD)及T1a的治疗已取得不少成就[16-20],但T1b患者有1个或者多个淋巴结转移高危因素甚至确诊时已出现淋巴结转移,因而大多数并不适合行内窥镜治疗。现在对内窥镜技术的发展及应用,很多临床医师投入了巨大的热情,但对于食管癌的治疗必须严格考虑肿瘤的病理学及生物学特征。外科医师也应多关注内窥镜技术等其他治疗技术的发展,对于不同治疗手段应严格掌握适应证及严格的病例筛选,唯有如此,才能为更多患者提供更好的治疗方案,获得更好的预后。
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Risk factor analysis of lymph node metastasis of submucosal esophageal carcinoma
ZHAO Chen1,ZHOU Yue2,ZHANG Yangyang2,ZHANG Hui1,LUO Jinghua2
1.Department of Thoracic Surgery,Xuzhou Central Hospital,Xuzhou 221009,China;2.Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery,The First Affiliated Hospital of NJMU,Nanjing 210029,China
s]ObjectiveTo investigate the risk factors of lymph node metastasis in T1b esophageal squamous carcinoma and evaluate its risk.MethodsThe clinical data and pathological reports of 112 patients with T1b esophageal squamous carcinoma were retrospectively analyzed.Among them,80 patients without lymph node metastasis were served as control group(group N0),and the other 32 patients with lymph node metastasis were classified into experiment group(group N1).Tumor specimens were reevaluated for tumor length,depth of tumor infiltration as well as lymphatic and vascular infiltration.The depth of submucosal tumor infiltration was divided as upper third,middle third and lower third(submucosal 1,SM1;submucosal 2,SM2;and submucosal 3,SM3),and factors influencing lymph node metastasis were assessed.ResultsUnivariate logistic regression analysis showed that depth of tumor infiltration,tumor length and tumor differentiation were risk factors of lymph node metastasis.Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that tumor differentiation was independent risk factor of lymph node metastasis(P<0.001).In the absence of tumor differentiation,multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the second independent risk factor of lymph node metastasis was depth of tumor infiltration(P=0.023).ConclusionThe risk of lymph node metastasis of T1b esophageal squamous carcinoma is high,with many influencing factors,and esophagectomy should sequentially be the standard treatment for those prone to lymph node metastasis.
Esophageal carcinoma;T1b;Lymph node;Metastasis
R654
A
2095-378X(2016)01-0028-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-378X.2016.01.010
2015-12-03)
赵 晨(1987—),男,医学硕士,研究胸外科临床与教学
周 悦,电子信箱:chirurgeonzhouyue@163.com