闫雨荷 崔炳南 吴小红 李 宁
·病例报告·
青斑样血管病的诊疗进展
闫雨荷1崔炳南1吴小红1李 宁2
青斑样血管病是一种非炎性、真皮内血管阻塞性皮肤病,以双下肢远端反复出现疼痛性溃疡,网状青斑以及瓷白色萎缩性瘢痕为主要临床表现。本病病因及发病机制不明,可能与机体高凝状态,纤维蛋白溶解障碍和/或与免疫系统疾病相关。目前无特效疗法,主要以缓解疼痛、防止皮损进展为目的。
青斑样血管病; 青斑样血管炎; 病理表现; 治疗
青斑样血管病(livedoid vasculopathy, LV)是一种非炎性、真皮内血管阻塞性皮肤病。以双下肢远端反复出现疼痛性溃疡,网状青斑以及瓷白色萎缩性瘢痕为主要临床表现。青斑样血管病的诊断是19世纪50年代由Feldaker首先提出的,当时称作网状青斑伴夏季溃疡(livedo reticularis with summer ulcerations)[1]。之后根据其病理学特点又称为“节段性透明性血管炎”[2],虽然该病并不存在真正的血管炎。“PPURPLE”(painful purpuric ulcers with reticular pattern of lower extremities)全面涵盖了该病的临床特点:下肢呈网状分布的疼痛、紫癜性溃疡[3]。尽管存在误解该病也被称作“青斑样血管炎”。
LV的发病率约为:1∶100 000,最好发于青中年,女性多于男性(女∶男3∶1)[4];中位发病年龄为45岁[5]。
LV的病因不明,可能的致病因素有机体高凝状态,纤维蛋白溶解障碍和/或与免疫系统疾病相关。LV核心病理生理学变化是真皮微静脉内血栓形成,继而引起供血区域缺血坏死,最终造成溃疡、白色萎缩性瘢痕[6-8]。但LV确切的发病机制不明,目前研究显示它与体内多项生物化学反应缺陷相关,包括狼疮抗凝物阳性,高同型半胱氨酸血症[9],抗心磷脂抗体水平增高,蛋白C和/或蛋白S活性降低[10],冷球蛋白血症,血小板P选择素表达增高,Leiden V因子突变[11],凝血酶原基因G20210A突变,纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂1启动因子突变[11],抗凝血酶III缺乏[12]等。近来有学者报道LV与高脂蛋白a血症有关[5,8]。脂蛋白a具有促凝血、抗纤溶的特征,也是诱发心血管疾病的一项独立的高危因素[13]。总之,LV是血管阻塞性疾病,多重机制参与了该血栓事件。
LV属于慢性复发性疾病,具有夏季加重冬季缓解的临床特点。发病过程中依次出现网状青斑、下肢远端溃疡、白色萎缩。皮损最初表现为周边伴有毛细血管扩张的紫癜性丘疹、斑块,之后出现结痂溃疡,最终形成固定白色萎缩性星状瘢痕。溃疡伴有疼痛,呈穿凿性,通常双侧发病,缓慢愈合,有复发倾向。溃疡的好发区域是踝关节内侧,其次是双足背[14]。
LV发病不同阶段的组织病理学表现差异较大。特征性改变通常是节段型的,未受累区域不伴有病理学变化。与血管炎不同,受累血管周边早期不存在或仅有少量炎症细胞浸润;之后可能出现继发性的炎细胞浸润伴红细胞外溢。
LV的三个特征性病理学改变是:血管腔内血栓形成、血管内皮细胞增生、血管壁透明变性。早期,真皮浅中层血管内出现透明血栓,管壁发生轻度纤维样变性。进展阶段表现为血管壁增厚,透明样变性,可伴有血管内皮细胞水肿和增生。溃疡阶段,真皮浅层血管阻塞伴红细胞外溢。真皮乳头可出现小血管增生。陈旧皮损表现为真皮弹性纤维、胶原纤维均质化,失去正常结构,淋巴管扩张,同时伴有表皮萎缩。
免疫荧光检查在中后期皮损内可发现免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM和补体C3[15]。但多数学者认为皮损内出现的免疫反应是继发而非原发性反应[16,17]。
对于LV,医学界尚未形成规范化的诊断标准,阶段性进展的发病过程,以网状青斑、疼痛性溃疡及白色萎缩性瘢痕为主要临床表现,辅助典型皮损部位的病理检查有助于诊断LV。本病需要与变应性血管炎相鉴别。变应性血管炎为急性发病,皮损虽多分布于下肢,但躯干和上肢也可出现,涉及范围更广。皮损呈多样性,可出现瘀点、瘀斑,风团样红斑,水疱、血疱。溃疡不是主要临床表现。组织病理表现为真皮上部毛细血管及小血管的坏死性血管炎,一般无血栓形成。治疗:对糖皮质激素敏感。与LV的临床特点不同。
另外还需要与能够形成白色萎缩的其他静脉疾病相鉴别,包括静脉曲张、下肢静脉功能不全,郁积性皮炎。通常这些病例没有LV特征性的溃疡或不具有LV出现的网状青斑。
LV是罕见病,目前缺乏多中心,大样本的临床药物疗效观察试验,多是个人经验性治疗报道。治疗应以缓解疼痛、防止皮损进展为中心。有过成功治疗经验的药物及疗法有免疫抑制剂[18],血管扩张剂(已酮可可碱)[19],抗血小板制剂[19],抗凝血剂[19],组织纤溶酶原激活[9],促蛋白合成类固醇(达那唑)[20,21],免疫球蛋白[22],高压氧疗法[23]等。
该病由血栓诱发,系统抗凝治疗具有临床意义。低分子肝素钠是目前应用最广的LV治疗药物。治疗过程中要求患者适当运动,避免久坐久卧同时需注意监测INR水平。
近来达那唑的应用也较为广泛。国内学者对47例白色萎缩患者的临床和组织病理资料进行回顾性分析,发现有11例患者服用达那唑治疗,其中10例取得了良好的疗效[24]。达那唑是一种雄激素样类固醇,能够调节血管合成过程中血管内皮细胞的功能。对中重度LV有效。达那唑的作用机制可能为:促进肝合成多种蛋白酶抑制剂,包括C1酯酶抑制剂,α-1抗胰蛋白酶,蛋白C,蛋白S,抗凝血酶III,还能够促进某些凝血与纤溶蛋白酶的合成,如纤溶酶原[25]。同时达那唑具有血脂调节作用,能够增加低密度脂蛋白(LDL),降低高密度脂蛋白和脂蛋白a[26]。正因为达那唑的这些作用,它被用来治疗抗凝血酶III缺乏症,蛋白C缺乏症,蛋白S缺乏症,遗传性血管性水肿以及低纤维蛋白溶酶原血症。该药物主要的副作用有月经紊乱、体重增加[27]。
综上所述,尽管LV确切的病因病机需要进一步研究,但目前将其称为“血管病”而非“血管炎”就已经说明皮肤学界对该病的认识有了较大进步。抗凝治疗的主要框架也已初步形成。但目前用于治疗的药物多数为说明书外的经验性应用。LV规范化治疗的摸索以及药物安全性、疗效的临床研究将为医生和患者带来福音。
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(收稿:2016-02-24)
·中医中药·
Livedoid vasculopathy: current diagnosis and treatment
YANYuhe1,CUIBingnan1,WUXiaohong1,LINing2.
1.DermatologyDepartment,Guang'anmenHospital,ChinaAcademyofChineseMedicalSciences,Beijing100059,China; 2.GeneralDepartment,Guang'anmenHospital,ChinaAcademyofChineseMedicalSciences,Beijing100059,ChinaCorrespondingauthor:LINing,E-mail:lining4599@163.com
Livedoid vasculopathy (LV) is a recurrent vascular occlusive disease characterized by the presence of painful recurrent ulcerations, livedo reticulari and atrophic scar on the lower extremities. Although the etiopathogenesis of LV is not completely understood, it may be associated with hypercoagulable state and autoimmune. There was not a specific treatment for LV and the aim of treatment was to relieve the pain and prevent from the progress of the lesions.
livedoid vasculopathy; livedoid vasculitis; pathogenic manifestations; treatment
1中国中医科学院广安门医院皮肤科,北京,100059 2中国中医科学院广安门医院综合科,北京,100059
李宁,E-mail: lining4599@163.com