李欣++王亚娟
摘 要: 针对无线传感器网络(WSN)中部分节点不能被访问而导致数据丢失率和能耗较高的问题,提出了利用Hilbert空间填充曲线的WSN移动汇聚节点轨迹设计方法。首先,利用依赖于网络大小的Hilbert曲线分析移动汇聚节点的轨迹;然后,基于节点密度计算Hilbert曲线的阶次以确定汇聚节点轨迹的维度;最后,利用NS?2仿真评估该方法在网络覆盖和可扩展方面的有效性。仿真结果表明,随着网络中节点数的增加,移动节点覆盖率降低,提出的基于密度的Hilbert曲线在网络覆盖、数据包投递率和平均能耗方面均优于基于尺寸的Hilbert曲线。
关键词: 数据传输率; Hilbert曲线; 移动汇聚节点; 网络覆盖; 无线传感器网络
中图分类号: TN92?34; TP393 文献标识码: A 文章编号: 1004?373X(2016)23?0017?05
WSN mobile aggregation node track design based on Hilbert space filling curve
LI Xin1, WANG Yajuan2
(1. Department of Computer Engineering, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumqi 830000, China;
2. Department of Information Security Engineering, Xinjiang Police College, Urumqi 830013, China)
Abstract: Since the data loss rate and energy consumption are high due to that some nodes in wireless sensor network (WSN) can′t be accessed, a novel approach of using Hilbert space filling curve to design the mobile aggregation node track for WSN is proposed. The Hilbert curve depending on the size of network is used to analyzed the mobile aggregation node track. The order of Hilbert curve is calculated based on node density to determine the dimension of the aggregation node track. The NS?2 simulation is used to evaluate the effectiveness of network coverage and scalability. The simulation results show that the mobile node coverage rate is reduced with the increase of the nodes quantity of the whole network, and the proposed Hilbert curve based on density is superior to the Hilbert curve based on size in the aspects of network coverage, packet transfer ratio and average energy consumption.
Keywords: data transfer ratio; Hilbert curve; mobile aggregation node; network coverage; wireless sensor network
0 引 言
无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Network,WSN)[1?2]已在许多领域得到广泛应用,然而,由于部分节点没有被访问而导致数据丢失,并引起传输延迟[3],因此,需要为移动汇聚节点找到一种较好的轨迹设计方法,以有效的方式覆盖整个区域[4?5]。
基于Hilbert空间填充曲线的研究,考虑了关于预先定义的移动汇聚节点的运行模式,文献[6]提出了移动汇聚节点的运动模型,节点可随意改变以提高整体网络的寿命。文献[7]分析了网络中汇聚节点的移动性和数据聚集,在研究中都提到有限的固定轨迹,如圆形和直线。文献[8]分析了不受约束情况下的移动模式,使用多个移动汇聚节点减少控制开销和寿命。文献[9]分析了使用汇聚节点轨迹的数据传输延迟和网络生命周期之间的权衡,并将其制定为一种优化问题。文献[10]侧重于基于剩余能量的簇首选择,用于移动汇聚节点的改进,稳定选举协议。上述各方法均在一定程度上改善了移动汇聚节点的性能,然而,由于部分节点未被访问,导致数据丢失和能量消耗较多,降低了WSN的寿命。
本文提出利用Hilbert空间填充曲线[4]的WSN移动汇聚节点轨迹设计方法,在移动汇聚节点和传感器节点之间,曲线形状覆盖整个网络,空间填充曲线的严格定义允许传感器预先知道轨迹。仿真并分析了各种节点密度下本文方法的性能,验证了其有效性。
4 结 语
本文利用Hilbert曲线提出了一种WSN移动汇聚节点轨迹设计方法,实现了网络的有效覆盖,动态曲线阶次随着网络节点密度的变化而变化。仿真结果表明,由于仅在高阶曲线的情况下遍历时间较长,本文方法的传输延迟不能最小化,但相比基于尺寸的Hilbert曲线阶次,数据包传输率可提高20%以上。总体而言,提出的基于密度的Hilbert曲线在网络覆盖、数据包传输率和平均能耗方面均优于基于尺寸的Hilbert曲线。
仿真实验结果证明了本文方法有较好的可扩展性,未来会将其应用于其他的网络环境,并扩展用于处理高密度节点的轨迹设计。
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