有关构词法在高考中的那些事

名金仓

在《考试大纲》的语法项目表中，构词法名列其中。构词法包括合成法、派生法、转化法、缩写和简写，是高考频繁考查的考点。考生在备考中需要灵活掌握好相关知识，明确命题规律，努力提高自己的应用能力。

根据以上表格可知，三年来构词法一直是语法填空试题的必考点，因此备考时需要突出针对性和实效性，努力夯实基础。

一、合成法

合成法是两个或两个以上的词按一定的规则合成一个新词的方法。这样的词被称为合成词。

【考例1】（单句改错）On my recent visit， I held a lively three-months-old twin that had been rejected by its mother.（2016年全国I卷，语法填空改编）

解析：three-months-old改为three-month-old。在带有连字符的复合形容词中，名词应用单数形式。

【考例2】（单句改错）Stephen Francis observed then eighteen-years-old Shelly Ann as a track meet and was convinced that he had seen the beginning of true greatness.（2016年江苏卷，阅读理解改编）

解析：eighteen-years-old改为eighteen-year-old。在题干中，eighteen-years-old使用错误，中间的名词years应用单数形式。

【知识链接】各种形式的合成词：

（一）合成形容词

（二）合成名词

（三）其他形式的合成词

二、派生法

派生法是在词根上添加后缀或前缀来变成新单词的方法，这样构成的单词被称为派生词。添加后缀往往改变词性，而添加前缀往往改变词义。

【考例1】But for tourists like me， pandas are its top 61 （attract）.（2016年全国I卷）

解析：attraction。根据空前的定语可知，空格处应该填写提示词的名词形式。

【考例2】 Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks

47 （regular）.（2016年全国II卷）

解析：regularly。 空格处在句中作状语，用于修饰谓语动词，故填提示词的副词形式。

【知识链接】各种形式的派生词：

（一）添加后缀构成的形容词派生词

（二）添加后缀构成的名词派生词

（三）添加后缀构成的副词和动词派生词

（四）添加前缀构成的派生词

三、转化法

转化法指的是单词在词形不变的情况下，由一种词性直接转换为另外一种词性的方法。

四、缩写和简写

缩写和简写是通过缩写或简写的形式来构成单词的方法，通常被称为缩略法。

五、能力训练

（一）单句改错

1. When the teacher asks us very difficulty questions， Ill think quickly and stand up to answer.

2. The fruits are small in size， but juicy and taste.

3. On the left-hand side of the class， I could easy see the football field.

4. Dont panic or get out of line， and try to remain quiet and calmly.

5. After waiting for half an hour， I was beginning to get impatiently.

6. Whenever I think of the old days， I feel very happily.

7. I think that really friendship should be able to stand all sorts of tests.

8. To my joy， the teachers here are kind and helpfully.

9. No one in the carriage had previous spoken to or even noticed the ticket-owner before.

10. I was really disappointing and about to leave when he walked out of a building.

（二）单句填空

1. Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which ________（gradual） turned into chopsticks.

2. Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius influenced the________（develop） of chopsticks.

3. Chinese scientists________（recent） had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby.

4. Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat

（slow） during cool nights，thus warning the house.

5. Abercrombie & Kent， a travel company in Hong Kong， says it________（regular） arranges quick getaways here for people living in Shanghai and Hong Kong.

6. ________（lucky）， he also had a cow which produced milk every day.

7. I named them “cookies” because I always feel that children can bring great happiness and________（excite） to my life.

8. The river was so polluted that it ________（actual） caught fire and burned.

9. My first football________（compete） was in Nagoya， Japan several years ago.

10. The ________（fail） was a big blow to him， but he wasnt discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.

（三）语法填空

Hope is what makes ones life move forward. Setting goals for oneself is fine， but they are impossible to reach 1 hope. Many people believe that hope is what creates disappointment. What 2 sad belief that is！ In reality， hope provides one with the ability to see success in ones mind 3 the strength needed to be 4 （appropriate） focused on reaching ones goals.

Hope provides one with trust and gives one optimistic spirit. Hope does not create 5

（disappoint）， but expectations do. For when one expects， one unconsciously narrows ones focus. Disappointment 6 （create） by causing one to feel pessimistic about failure， 7 （patient） with new fears and challenges when ones limited 8 （able） to achieve goals goes away completely. Hope brings ones focus on achieving goals into broader view， 9 （allow） one to see new fears and challenges and helping one to prepare for 10 .