了解七选五命题特点，基础差也可得满分

毛名煜

高考英语阅读七选五题型在整个阅读理解部分分值最高（10分，另外几篇为6分或8分），也最易丢分，但如果充分了解了该题型的命题特点和一些答题技巧，又最容易得满分。

一、命题特点

2016年高考英语考试说明规定对阅读理解的考查项目为：（1）理解主旨和要义；（2）理解文中具体信息；（3）根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；（4）做出简单判断和推理；（5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。

自从2012年全国新课标卷中出现了七选五这种题型后，以上第（5）点“理解文章的基本结构”就被赋予了新的含义。众所周知，英语文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章开头，简要概括文章的中心思想，主题句可能在一段的开头，也可能在中间或末尾，作用是交代该段的中心思想，再由全段展开或讨论这个意思。各个段落通常由某些起连接作用的词语连接，以使文章行文连贯。如果希望准确、深刻地理解一篇文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握住全篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。而七选五试题正是专门针对文章的整体结构和内在逻辑联系进行考查的。

二、七选五文章特点与答题要点

1.总分原则

七选五文章多为短小的说明文和议论文，词数约200词左右，其结构清晰，层次分明。文章开篇多为整篇文章的主题段落（总），概括文章的主旨大意，以下则从几个小的方面分别说明或阐释（分）。有时在正文部分为了更具体地介绍某些方法、观点时也会采取进一步的总分法。如2016年全国I卷：

There are three main types of cryptography. 37（E） For example， the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me.”

38 You might represent each letter with a number， for example. Lets number the letters of the alphabet， in order， from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter， the message “Meet me” would read “13 5 5 20 13 5”.

A code uses symbols to replace words， phrases， or sentences. To read the message of a real code， you must have a code book...

A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.

B. In any language， some letters are used more than others.

C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.

D. As long as there have been codes， people have tried to break them.

E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.

F. With a code book， you might write down words that would stand for other words.

G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.

【解析】第一句提到有三种密码设置方法，37空提到了第一种方法，“A code uses symbols to...”这段提到了第三种方法是需要一本密码书，因此38空应该是介绍第一种方法之后的第二种，故38空的答案应该选G。

2.问答原则

因为七选五多为说明文或议论文，必将经常对某些问题进行设问，而后进行解答。有问就有答，问什么就答什么。根据这一常识，做题时只要研究文章中问题的设问特点及方式，对其补充一个相应的回答，或者根据回答的方式赋其一个合适的问题，选出答案就很简单了。如2014年全国I卷：

The jobs of the future have not yet been invented. 36 By helping them develop classic skills that will serve them well no matter what the future holds.

A. Encourage kids to cook with you.

B. And we cant forget science education.

C. We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways.

D. So how can we help our kids prepare for jobs that dont yet exist？

E. Gardening is another great activity for helping kids develop this skill.

F. We can do this in real life or ask questions about characters in stories.

G. Being able to communicate ideas in a meaningful way is a valuable skill.

【解析】空后的By doing sth 是表示方式的介词短语，故可知此空应该是一个以how开头的疑问句，故选D项。

3.起承转合原则

七选五试题主要考查文章的结构及逻辑联系，必将用到大量的表示起承转合的衔接词或过渡结构。认真研究这些词语前后的内容，如however， but， instead等后面的信息，though（然而，不过）前面的内容，有助于更好地把握文章的基本结构和大意。如2016年全国III卷：

Everyone knows that fish is good for health. 16 But it seems that many people dont cook fish at home. Americans eat only about fifteen pounds of fish per person per year， but we eat twice as much fish in restaurants as at home.

A. Do not buy it.

B. The easiest is to steam it.

C. This is how you can do it.

D. It just requires a little knowledge.

E. The fish will go bad within hours.

F. When buying fish， you should first smell it.

G. The fats in fish are thought to help prevent heart disease.

【解析】根据空格后But后的信息“但似乎很多人不在家里烹饪鱼。”和空格前的句意“每个人都知道鱼对健康是有好处的。”可知16空应该是表示鱼对人们身体有益的方面的信息，选项中唯有G项符合这一含义。

三、七选五满分攻略

1.依据主题，排除多余选项

正式答题前先浏览整篇文章，掌握文章的大概内容，七个备选项中有的可能会与文章的主题不相符甚至相互排斥，则可将这些与主题无关的选项排除，常常可以排除1～2个，剩下六选五甚至五选五，在下一步选择时便会容易很多。如2014年辽宁卷：

Eyesight plays a very important role in our daily life. Every waking moment， the eyes are working to see the world around us. Over forty percent of Americans worry about losing eyesight， but its easy to include steps into our daily life to ensure healthy eyes. Here are five suggestions for a lifetime of healthy eyesight：

A. Eat your greens.

B. Eye care should begin early in life.

C. They can properly protect your eyes.

D. Stay in good shape by taking more vitamins.

E. Parents usually dont care about their own eyesight.

F. Always follow the doctors advice for appropriate wear.

G. This frequent eye activity increases the risk for eye tiredness.

【解析】通过预读可知此文讲述了怎样保护视力，作者在文中提出了五条建议。根据这一主题发现选项D与主题完全无关，本文主要介绍的是关于爱护视力的建议；选项E与文章主题关系也不大，也可排除。通过排除这两个多余选项，剩下的五个选项，使得解题容易了很多。

排除与主题无关的选项后，边选边排除，以缩小范围，剩下的选项碰对的机会将会大大提高。

2.文章结构中的“小秘密”

如果仔细分析七选五文章的结构，会发现许多“小秘密”，答题时利用好这些“小秘密”会起到事半功倍的效果。

（1）标题结构

如果考查段落标题，先看看其他标题的语言形式。一般情况下同一文章中的几个段落小标题基本上是同一种结构和语言表达形式。如果其他标题是名词短语，则所选答案也应是名词短语。如2016年全国II卷：

Have you ever visited a garden that seemed just right for you， where the atmosphere of the garden appeared to total more than the sum（总和） of its parts？ 36 .

● 37

Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants， flowers， patterns and masses of color. Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers（肥料）. 38 . However， there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden. One of them comes from our earliest years.

●Recall（回忆）your childhood memories

A. Know why you garden

B. Find a good place for your own garden

C. Its our experience of the garden that matters

D. Its delightful to see so many beautiful flowers

E. Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants

F. You can produce that kind of magical quality in your own garden， too

G. For each of those gardens， writer down the strongest memory you have

【解析】第37题要求选择小标题。观察下文的小标题Recall（回忆）your childhood memories，可知这是一个祈使句，可判断本标题也应用祈使句。七个选项中只有A、B两个选项符合要求，下文前两句说做园艺有不同的原因，再根据倒数第二句“However， there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.”可知答案选A。

（2）句子结构

如果正确选项只是某个句子的一个部分，就要看看空后这个部分是不是句子，如果是句子，看看是否有连词，如果没有连词，要选的正确选项就应是短语或是带有连词的从句。如2015年全国II卷：

Training for a marathon requires careful preparation and steady， gradual increases in the length of the runs. 36 ， buy the best-fitting， best-built running shoes you can find.

A. After six days

B. For a good marathon runner

C. Before you begin your training

D. With each day， increase the distance by a half mile

E. If they still feel good， you can begin running in them

F. Time spent for preparation raises the quality of training

G. Now you are ready to figure out a goal of improving distance and time

【解析】从句式结构上看，逗号后是祈使句，没有连词，正确答案要么是带有连词的从句，要么是一个短语，选项中只有A、 B、 C三个选项符合，根据空前句中的preparation （准备），和常识可知是“训练前”，故选C项。

（3）词语复现

说话人在谈论某个话题或主题时，与主题相关的词语必定会以原词、同义词或近义词等形式在上下文中重复出现，这种现象叫词语复现。同一个词的重复出现叫原词复现；以同义词的形式重复出现，叫同义复现；以近义词或近义表达（意思相近，表达方式不同）的形式重复出现，叫近义复现；以词义相同而词性不同的形式重复出现，叫同根复现。另外还有上义词与下义词的复现（如：traffic是car， road的上义词，而car， road则是adult的下义词）。

词语复现是语篇衔接的一个重要手段，而七选五的特点就是考查文章结构和语篇衔接。因此，利用词语复现对解答七选五试题十分管用。在近五年的9套全国新课标卷共45道题中有16道题利用这一招可直接选出答案，利用此法可将选项缩小到2个选项的还有5道，也就是说，平均几乎有一半的题仅用这一招就可解决。如 2016年全国I卷：

People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 36 Code breaking never lags（落后） far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.

A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.

B. In any language， some letters are used more than others.

C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.

D. As long as there have been codes， people have tried to break them.

E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.

F. With a code book， you might write down words that would stand for other words.

G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.

【解析】本小题要求选择承接句。下文“Code breaking never lags（落后） far behind code making.”中，出现了code breaking，七个选项中包含有break的有A、D两个选项，根据“Code breaking never lags（落后） far behind code making.”的句意，可知答案选D。

值得注意的是，并非凡与上句或下句有复现词的选项就一定是正确选项，只是正确的可能性更大，在解题过程中需重点考虑或优选考虑而已。是否为正确答案，还应将含复现词的选项代入原文，看该选项与上下文是否真的衔接，只有上下文衔接紧密的选项才是正确的。

（4）词语同现

所谓词语同现，就是有相互关联的词语在上下文中有同时出现的可能性。如school， teacher， student， headmaster， class， test， fall， pass， maths， learn等这些词就有可能在同一篇文章中同时出现。如2016年全国III卷：

There are many common methods used to cook fish. 20 First， clean it and season it with your choice of spices（调料）. Put the whole fish on a plate and steam it in a steam pot for 8 to 10 minutes if it weighs about one pound. （A larger one will take more time.） Then， its ready to serve.

A. Do not buy it.

B. The easiest is to steam it.

C. This is how you can do it.

D. It just requires a little knowledge.

E. The fish will go bad within hours.

F. When buying fish， you should first smell it.

G. The fats in fish are thought to help prevent heart disease.

【解析】空格前后出现了cook，clean，spices（调料），plate，steam，pot等与厨房烹饪有关的词语，只有B项才有与之相对应的同现词汇。

（5）代词逻辑不可忽视。

七选五试题重在考查上下文之间的衔接，而代词是语篇衔接的重要手段之一。解题中善于利用代词有时也能收到良好效果。如2016年全国卷II卷：

Have you ever visited a garden that seemed just right for you， where the atmosphere of the garden appeared to total more than the sum（总和） of its parts？ 36 . But it doesnt happen by accident. It starts with looking inside yourself and understanding who you are with respect to the natural world and how you approach the gardening process.

A. Know why you garden

B. Find a good place for your own garden

C. Its our experience of the garden that matters

D. Its delightful to see so many beautiful flowers

E. Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants

F. You can produce that kind of magical quality in your own garden， too

G. For each of those gardens， write down the strongest memory you have

【解析】空格前提出：你是否参观过那些让你感觉非常好的花园？空格后的两个句子连续用到两个代词it，这两个it应该指代的是怎样弄一个这样好的花园，因此根据上下文可知空格处应该选择F项，且F项中的“that kind of magical quality in your own garden”也指的是把花园弄好。