蔡红梅
摘 要: 本文对英国作家查尔斯·狄更斯所写的小说Bleak House(《荒凉山庄》)中描写洪水的一段,从词汇、句法和语音角度,就小说的语言特点进行分析,以此作为从语言分析文学作品这一方法的实例。
关键词: 结构布局 词汇 语法 语音 修辞手法
鉴赏小说有很多种方式,有的学者将小说放在社会学的范畴加以分析,分析它的意义、影响、给人的启迪;有的学者将它放在文学的角度,探讨人物、叙述、结构、场景、情节、细节。本文将从语言学的角度,精细地解读小说。本文以狄更斯的代表作《荒凉山庄》中一段描写洪水来临的场景作为素材,从词汇、句法和语音角度,就小说的语言特点进行分析,让英语语言的优美充分展现在读者面前。
《荒凉山庄》中这段描写洪水来临的文字既有直观具体的写景,以烘托背景,营造与主题相吻合的气氛,又有客观的描写来衬托人物的内心活动。以下是英文原文:
The waters are out in Licolnshire.(1) An arch of the bridge in the park has been sapped and sopped away.(2)The adjacent low-lying ground,for half a mile in breadth,is a stagnant river,with melancholy trees for islands in it,and a surface punctured all over,all day long,with falling rain;My Lady Dedlocks ‘placehas been extremely dreary.(3)The weather,for many a day and night,has been so wet that the trees seem wet through,and the soft loppings and prunings of the woodmans axe can make no crash or crackle as they fall.(4)The deer,looking soaked,leave quagmires,where they pass. (5) The shot of a rifle loses its sharpness in the moist air,and its smoke moves in a tardy little cloud towards the green rise,coppice-topped,that makes a background for the falling rain.(6) The view from my Lady Dedlocks own windows is alternately a lead-colored view,and a view in Indian ink.(7)The vases on the stone terrace in the foreground catch the rain all day;and the heavy drops fall,drip,drip,drip,upon the broad flagged pavement,called,from old time,the Ghosts Walk,all night.(8) On Sundays,the little church in the park is mouldy;the oaken pulpit breaks out into a cold sweat;and there is a general smell and taste as of the ancient Dedlocks in their graves.(9)My Lady Dedlocks (who is childless),looking out in the early twilight from her boudoir at a keepers lodge,and seeing the light of a fire upon the latticed panes,and smoke rising from the chimney;and a child,chased by a woman,running out into the rain to meet the shining figure of a wrapped-up man coming through the gate,has been put quite out of temper.(10)My Lady Dedlock says she has been ‘bored to death.(11)
一、词汇角度
首先,狄更斯几乎没选用晦涩典雅的书卷词汇,而是选择了稍微冷僻的几个词,如sapped,stagnant,coppice-topped,oaken,pulpit,twilight,boudoir,latticed等,这些词要么具有方言色彩,要么属于专业词汇,这些用词属于英语词汇的“共核”成分,对烘托场景起到了一定的作用。其次,仔细分析文中的词汇,我们会发现,狄更斯的用词具体、生动、富有直观性。一幅洪水侵袭的画面自然充满种种动态,他恰巧抓住了这一点,使用了大量动态词汇,如sapped,sopped,punctured,leave,loses,moves,makes,catch,fall,drip,breaks out,looking,seeing,rising,running,coming等。“sapped and sopped away”给人洪水冲打桥拱的动觉形象;fall,drip给人大雨瓢泼的真实感;文中最经典之处在于三个动词drip,drip,drip,不仅把雨水顺着屋檐一滴一滴落下的景象栩栩如生地呈现在读者面前,还将主人翁内心的无聊寂寞之情渲染得淋漓尽致,从而唤起一系列动觉意象。此外,作者从视觉、嗅觉、听觉、味觉方面描写了这段场景:Lady Dedlock看见一个小男孩在与他的母亲追逐,跑去看他的父亲(chased,running out into,meet),这一幕在Lady Dedlock看来是幸福的一幕,羡慕之情溢于言表,反衬出Lady Dedlock内心的寂寞;there is a general smell and taste as of the ancient Dedlocks in their graves从嗅觉和味觉描写出连日下雨的阴沉;drip,drip,drip从听觉方面写出一滴一滴雨水滴落的声音。最后,狄更斯写景传情,制造出孤独寂寞、冷冷清清的气氛。类似dreary,wet,moist,tardy,mouldy,lead-coloured,cold,stagnant等形容词,都对人的视觉或触觉产生不快的影响,它们往往与低沉的情调和萧瑟的景色联系在一起。
二、语法角度
从句子结构的复杂性来看,作者采用简单句和复杂句结合的方法。本段文字共11句。其中简单句四句(句1,2,5,11),占句子总数的37%;复合长句四句(句3,4,9,10 )占句子总数的37%;复合中长句三句(句6,7,8),占句子总数的26%,可见作者的文笔是丰富多彩的。从句子长度来看,本节文字长短句结合,最短的句子是第(1)句,共6个词;最长的句子是第(10)句,共68个词。我们发现1,2句为短句;3,4句为长局;5句又是短句;6,7,8,9,10是长句,最后一句又是短句,可见长短句交替出现,起伏跌宕。从句子意义来看,句1是个简单句(The waters are out in Licolnshire),短小精悍,结构简单,表意明确,具有明显的强调功能,强调洪水袭来。放在段落末的简单句(My Lady Dedlock says she has been ‘bored to death.)既能表现有力的终结,又能消除悬念,直截了当地表明Lady Dedlock的无聊寂寞,同时使首尾相互呼应。3,4,9,10增加了句子的长度,使文章的节奏比较缓慢,与文中阴雨绵绵的意境相吻合。6,7,8三句长度比较整齐,句子结构一致,节奏流畅。
三、语音和修辞手法
从语音角度看,作者在遣词造句上不仅重视音响效果,还讲究节奏,以烘托气氛和加强语义。比如,在描写下雨时,作者采用了有规律的节奏,仿佛是雨水在一滴一滴往下落: the heavy drops fall,drip,drip,drip,upon the broad flagged pavement (8).drip,drip,drip 三个浊音/d/带三个辅音/p/加强了雨水滴落的声音,加强了节奏,突出了无聊寂寞的情绪。Lady Dedlock感到非常寂寞、无聊、孤独。句10中跑入雨中的小男孩a child,在与一位妇人追逐chased by a woman,他是快乐的,这与Lady Dedlock的心情产生了强烈的对比,更凸显了Lady Dedlock的孤独。这种写法使Lady Dedlock形单影孤,面色寂寞的形象栩栩如生、跃然纸上。
从以上分析中,我们可以看到,狄更斯在《荒凉山庄》中的这一段描写不仅生动、形象,而且富有象征性。在这里,语言成分的选择与主题思想的表达实现了有机的统一。正如孙致礼先生所说,文学使语言的艺术作为文学创作的工具,文学语言所追求的不仅在于传达信息,而且在于唤起一种艺术感受,营造美学效果。文学语言是在日常大众语言的基础上加工提炼而成的,它往往比日常语言更准确、鲜明、洗练、生动、含蓄,更具有形象性、音乐性和艺术感染力。在过去两个多世纪的英国文学中,小说已经成为最主要的文学体裁。小说中人物的刻画、主体的塑造、风格的体现,都离不开文学语言。因此,只有了解小说的语言特点,才能真正了解小说的内涵。
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