张新峰供稿
决战中考:完形填空十大技巧
张新峰供稿
完形填空的首句通常不设空,目的是要让考生迅速进入主题、熟悉语言环境、建立正确的思维导向。英语中的首句通常是文章的主旨句,把握主旨句对于理解全文和解题很有帮助。例如:
I think I’ve always been interested in food. My grandparents lived on a farm in Lincolnshire and had a good_________.
A. farmer B. painter C. cook D. nurse
思路点拨
通过首句“I think I’ve always been interested in food.”可知,此处应用和food有关的词汇:cook(厨师),故选C。
所谓语境,是指文章上下文的连贯一致,它包括文章语气的一致性、意思的连贯性、表述的合理性以及论证的逻辑性等。考生在做题时,一定要从整体上把握文章内容,区分文章的结构层次和文章的内在逻辑关系,同时认真地比较所给选项,并从中选出最符合语境的答案。例如:
Natural resources are things that come from the Earth. Our natural resources are limited (有限的). This means that they will not_________forever.
A. last B. spread C. burn D. change
思路点拨
根据上文说到的“自然资源是有限的”以及挖空句子“这意味着它们不会永远……”,我们可以推测到此处应该是不会永远“保留,拥有,持续,使用”下去,再结合四个选项的意思:last(持续),spread(传播),burn(燃烧),change(改变),可以判断出挖空处应该选A。
复现指的是某一词以原词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词以及概括词等形式出现在语篇中,语篇中的句子通过这种复现关系得到了相互衔接,从而使整篇文章上下连贯,有机地衔接在一起。复现主要有四种情况:①原词复现;②同根词复现;③同义词、近义词复现;④反义词复现。
1) 原词复现
Homesick is a compound (复合的) word made up of HOME and SICK. You know what each_________ means on its own, of course.
A. word B. phrase C. sentence D. passage
思路点拨
根据上文介绍可知,homesick是个合成词,因此该处应填写word。上句中也出现过word,构成原词复现,故答案为A。
2) 同根词复现
As well as the usual activities, such as sailing, climbing and mountain hiking, there was a writing workshop with a professional_________.
A. manager B. doctor C. singer D. writer
思路点拨
由原句中“…there was a writing workshop…”可知,此处指的是一位职业“作家”。writer与句中的writing构成同根词复现,故答案为D。
3) 同义词、近义词复现
If anybody finds my purse and________it to me, I’ll give half the money to him.
A. gets B. shows C. points D. returns
思路点拨
该句中,“give the money to him”的前提条件是“收到丢失的物品”。return和give在意义上为
同级对立动词,构成近义词复现,故选D。
4) 反义词复现
Long ago, in a small village of Wakefield lived two farmers, Harry and Peter. Harry was very hard-working while Peter was________.
A. cruel B. lazy C. careless D. silly
思路点拨
该句中,连词while意为“然而”,由此可判断前后句子的表语意义相反,构成反义词复现。而hard-working和lazy互为反义词,故选B。
运用词汇间的搭配关系,常常可以无需理解上下文便直接确定答案,也往往可以排除一些明显不符合搭配关系的选项,从而缩小选择范围,提高答题的准确率。例如:
1) This is because the person not only found what was lost but also spent time________its owner or taking it to the police station.
A. to find B. finding C. find
思路点拨
固定句型“主语+spend…(in) doing”意为“花费……做某事”,故答案为B。
2)...the bear pulled herself onto an arch (拱门) under the bridge, but she was trapped (困住) there. A driver saw the unbelievable scene and________911.
A. reminded B. asked C. called D. told
思路点拨
一只熊被困,然后路过的司机看到这不可思议的景象后拨打了报警电话。此处打报警电话只能是call 911,为固定搭配,所以答案选C。
只有明确文章结构,了解段与段、句与句之间的逻辑关系,才能加深对文章的理解,从而在空白处填入正确的词语。这就要求考生熟悉和掌握一些常用的逻辑关系词语。
常用的逻辑关系词语
例如:
I said I didn’t,________they wouldn’t believe me.
A. because B. if C. but D. and
思路点拨
该句句意为“我说我没有做过,可他们就是不相信我”,前后句在意义上为转折关系,故答案为C。
6. 利用上下文中的(句)解题
如果通篇文章反复出现同一个词汇,或者全文有一个非常核心的主题,那么这个词汇或者与这个主题相关的词汇都很有可能是所要选择的答案。比如,若文章是与环保有关的说明文,那么与这个主题相关的词汇有:environment、pollute、reuse等。当然,此方法适用于首次通读后做出的粗略判断,并不能作为绝对的答案,最终还需进行回顾,根据语境来做出最后判断。例如:
Three months later I was home, telling him that I had left college—and for the first time I saw him 1 . “Son, I’m always going to love you even though you’ll never achieve anything,” he said with tears in his eyes. When I walked out of that room, I was burning with something within my body. Not everyone has the chance to feel it. I did not just want to 2 —I had to.
1. A. shout B. cry C. laugh D. relax
2. A. succeed B. argue C. stop D. move
思路点拨
此篇文章为情感励志型题材,与此类文章相关的词汇有:dream、fail、easy、difficult、stop、cry、succeed、lucky、give up以及effort等等。根据下文的tears可以判断出第一个空为cry;第二个空为succeed或者stop,再根据上下文可以判断出答案应为succeed。
除了对语法知识的直接考查外,完形填空中还经常会出现一些复杂句式,如各种从句、非谓语动词等,给做题带来了一定的困难。虽然语法不再是考查的重点,但扎实的语法基础和较强的句子分析能力往往可以将问题化繁为简,在关键时刻化险为夷。例如:
Mary didn’t know________she was. She opened the door and looked around.
A. where B. what C. who
思路点拨
由下文可得到提示,Mary在到处找那个人。where作宾语从句的引导词,表示地点。故答案为A。
从文化背景知识和生活常识的角度找突破口是近几年完形填空试题的特色之一,因为它更能考查学生综合运用语言知识的能力。例如:
And when he was asked to go to Africa, he said to his wife, “You can come to Africa with me if you want to. I’ve got to take photos of wild_________there.”
A. land B. flowers C. animals D. people
思路点拨
根据地理知识可知,非洲是各种热带动物栖息繁衍的地方,故答案为C。
要做好这类题目,必须尽量将词语辨析与情节推理、逻辑推理结合起来,从词汇的意义入手,抓住情节线索解决问题。例如:
When the papers were_________, she discovered that twelve boys had made exactly the same mistakes throughout the test.
A. examined B. completed C. marked D. answered
思路点拨
本题考查动词辨义。空白处需要一个动词的过去分词与were构成谓语。每个选项都有可能是正确答案,具有较强的干扰性,因为它们均可以构成考生比较熟悉的动宾搭配:examined the papers(检查试卷)、completed the papers(完成试卷)、marked the papers(批阅试卷)和answered the papers(在试卷上作答)。但由于下文是“she discovered that twelve boys had made exactly the same mistakes throughout the test”(她发现有十二个男孩在考试中犯了完全一样的错误),而老师只有在“批阅试卷”时才有可能发现这种情况,所以正确答案应为C。
没有办法的办法—排除法。有时我们会遇到这样的情况:对于某个题目正确选项的含义、用法不甚明了,却发现其他选项有着显而易见的谬误。在这种时候,我们可以尝试运用排除法:将干扰项逐项检查验证,凡发现有错误的选项,立即剔除出选择范围。随着选择范围的缩小,准确率会不断提高。经过这样一系列的分析推敲,正确答案便会水落石出。排除法如果运用得当,便可收到事半功倍的效果。例如:
Waiting above the crowded streets, on top of a building with 110 storeys(层), was Philippe Petit. This daring(大胆的) Frenchman was about to_________a tightrope(绷索) between the two towers of the World Trade Center. Philippe Petit made seven trips, back and forth(来回地).
A. throw B. walk C. climb D. fix
思路点拨
如果对walk作及物动词的用法不太熟悉,我们便很难直接选出答案。在这种情况下,运用排除法就会非常方便。由于下文提到了Philippe Petit在绷索上走了七个来回(Philippe Petit made seven trips,back and forth),所以很明显这个大胆的法国人既不是在两楼之间扔(throw)绳子,也不是顺着绳子往上攀登(climb),更不是在两楼之间固定(fix)绳子,于是剩下的B选项(walk)自然就是正确答案了。