达梦香,廖 康,赵世荣,江振斌,孙静芳,董胜利,杜润清
(1.新疆农业大学新疆特色果树研究中心,乌鲁木齐 830052;2.轮台国家果树资源圃,新疆轮台 841600)
极晚熟杏品种冬杏杂交种子成苗特性研究
达梦香1,廖 康1,赵世荣1,江振斌1,孙静芳1,董胜利2,杜润清2
(1.新疆农业大学新疆特色果树研究中心,乌鲁木齐 830052;2.轮台国家果树资源圃,新疆轮台 841600)
【目的】研究不同杏品种杂交组合的种子萌发和幼苗生长差异,为品种选育提供依据。【方法】以冬杏为母本,19个不同成熟期的新疆杏品种为父本进行杂交,对获得的杂交种子进行育苗,测定种子发芽率、播种出苗率、成苗率及幼苗的生长动态,分析各杂交组合之间成苗特性差异。【结果】杂交种子层积60 d后有10个组合发芽率大于60%,发芽率最高的为冬杏×毛拉肖,而冬杏×晚熟胡安娜、冬杏×旦杏和冬杏×卡拉玉吕克没有发芽率。播种成苗率较高的是冬杏×特尔湾玉吕克和冬杏×毛拉肖。冬杏×库曼提、冬杏×大果胡安娜、冬杏自然种子的出苗时间较早,且出苗整齐。在15个成苗的杂交组合中,以冬杏×特尔湾玉吕克、冬杏×毛拉肖生长势较强,其余13个杂交杏苗生长势较弱。【结论】冬杏杂交组合种子的发芽率、出苗率、成苗率之间差异较大,同时,发芽率高的组合成苗率也高;不同杂交组合种子实生幼苗的生长存在差异。
冬杏;杂交;种子发芽;成苗
【研究意义】冬杏又名坎及玉吕克,是原产于新疆阿克苏的实生变异品种,属于中亚细亚生态群[1],在3月底开花,10月初果实陆续成熟,果实发育期180~195 d,为新疆杏的极晚熟特异种质资源。实际生产中由于杏成熟期大多集中在6~7月,造成市场供应期及工厂加工期短,培育不同成熟期杏品种对杏产业的顺利发展具有重要意义。【前人研究进展】目前,有关杏品种的果实品质、授粉生物学特性、种子萌发等方面的研究较多[2-5],但关于人工杂交育种方面的研究报道较少[6]。通过人工杂交育种仍然是目前果树育种中应用最为广泛且有效的途径。Kostina[7]发现,中亚品种和欧洲品种杂交,其后代成熟期有趋中变异趋势;石荫坪等[8]研究结果表明,杂交杏果实成熟期的遗传有明显偏早的趋势,以早熟品种为母本,就有可能出现与早熟亲本相同,甚至更早熟的后代。【本研究切入点】通过多年研究,在杏的杂交育种中获得了大量的新组合,不仅提高了产量和品质,也增加了一些早熟和晚熟品种。研究选择以冬杏为亲本的杂交种子,对其种子发芽率、出苗率、成苗率、及株高的生长进行观测,选育具有更优良性状的不同熟期新品种,为新疆杏产业发展奠定品种基础。【拟解决的关键问题】研究种子及发芽成苗过程,探讨发芽率、出苗率、成苗率及幼苗生长与种子的关系。
1.1 材 料
试验在新疆轮台国家果树资源圃进行,选择树龄15~21 a、树势健壮、结果良好、管理条件一致的20个杏品种,分别为冬杏、大果胡安娜、库曼提、晚熟佳娜丽、莎车洪待客、木孜佳娜丽、克孜朗、轮台白杏、毛拉肖、赛买提、特尔湾玉吕克、阿克玉吕克、贾格达玛伊桑、卡巴克胡安娜、库车托佣、索格佳娜丽、晚熟胡安娜、旦杏、卡拉玉吕克、卡拉胡安娜。
1.2 方 法
1.2.1 杂交取种
试验于2014年3~10月,采集20个品种气球期饱满的花蕾,剥取花药,呈薄层平摊在硫酸纸盒中,置于室内阴干1~2 d,使其完全散粉后,收集在1.5 mL离心管中贮存于-20℃备用[9]。
以冬杏为母本,其余19个品种为父本进行人工杂交,在冬杏开花前选定长势好,通风透光的枝条,每个杂交组合350~500朵花去雄,授粉、套袋,一周后去袋[10],待果实成熟后,采果,清洗果肉后取种,种子在通风背阴处晾干,分袋保存。
表1 冬杏及其杂交组合的种子发芽率、出苗率、成苗率及其幼苗的生长情况
Table 1 Seed germination rate, seedling emergence rate, seedling rate and seedling growth of winter apricot and its hybrid combinations
父本Femaleparent播种数量(个)Sowingquantity发芽率(%)germinationpercentage出苗率(%)Seedlingemergencerate成苗数(株)Seedlingnumber成苗率(%)Seedlingrate150d株高(cm)plantheightof150D大果胡安娜Daguohuanna3863226310263452库曼提Kumanti6051745026433567晚熟佳娜丽Wanshujianali244172927292387莎车洪待客Shachehongdaike253603208320485木孜佳娜丽Muzijianali236965229391465克孜朗Kezilang2277363612545700冬杏Dongxing2095060012600770轮台白杏Luntaibaixing255604005200420毛拉肖Maolaxiao310006672667780赛买提Saimaiti56006002400490特尔湾玉吕克Teerwanyulvke1573373310667890阿克玉吕克Akeyulvke169385000-贾格达玛伊桑Jiagedamayisang115454550-卡巴克胡安娜Kabakehuanna136155383231540库车托佣Kuchetuoyong175294717412690索格佳娜丽Suogejianali75714292286613晚熟胡安娜Wanshuhuanna1-----旦杏Danxing3-----卡拉玉吕克Kalayulvke2-----卡拉胡安娜Kalahuanna0-----冬杏自然种子NaturalseedofDongxing3778462222595640
1.2.2 种子发芽率
种子用水浸泡24 h后,分组合按种沙=1∶3的比例将种子与经高压灭菌的湿河沙混匀。将塑料框底铺5~10 cm湿沙,将拌好的种子用纱布包裹好,放入塑料框中,盖上10 cm左右的湿沙,放入4~5℃冰箱,河沙湿度保持在60%左右,进行层积[11],60 d后取出,统计发芽种子数量,并计算发芽率。
发芽率(%)=(发芽数/供试种子数)×100%.
1.2.3 播种及成苗率
将层积后发芽露白的种子于2015年2月25日播种于温室内的营养钵内,待地温回升后移栽田间,行距为宽窄行间隔,分别为40与20 cm,株距10 cm,播后覆土并稍镇压,记录出苗数,出苗时间及成苗株数。
出苗率(%)=(出苗数/播种数)×100.
成苗率(%)=(生长至4片叶幼苗株数/播种数)×100.
1.3 数据统计
试验数据采用Excel2007和SPSS20.0处理分析。
2.1 不同杂交组合种子的发芽率
研究表明,冬杏×毛拉肖的种子发芽率最高达到100%,冬杏自交的种子发芽率次之,其次为冬杏×阿克玉吕克;冬杏×晚熟胡安娜、冬杏×旦杏、冬杏×卡拉玉吕克这三个杂交组合的种子发芽率均为0;其余杂交组合种子发芽率均大于30%。表1
2.2 不同杂交组合的出苗率
研究表明,冬杏×特尔湾玉吕克的出苗率为最高,为73.3%;冬杏×毛拉肖、冬杏×克孜朗、冬杏自然、冬杏×赛买提、冬杏自交、冬杏×卡巴克胡安娜、冬杏×木孜佳娜丽、冬杏×阿克玉吕克的出苗率较高,分别为66.7%、63.6%、62.2%、60.0%、60.0%、53.8%、52.2%、50.0%;冬杏×晚熟胡安娜、冬杏×旦杏、冬杏×卡拉玉吕克的出苗率均为0;其余8个杂交组合的出苗率均低于50%。表1
2.3 不同杂交组合出苗率变化
截止5月13日,共有17个杂交组合出苗,冬杏×库曼提、冬杏×大果胡安娜、冬杏自然种子的出苗最早,为3月3日开始出苗;冬杏×卡巴克胡安娜为3月7日开始出苗;冬杏自交、冬杏×莎车洪待克、冬杏×克孜朗的出苗时间稍晚,3月10日开始出苗;冬杏×毛拉肖、冬杏×赛买提、冬杏×晚熟佳娜丽、冬杏×特尔湾玉吕克、冬杏×贾格达玛伊桑出苗时间为3月16日;冬杏×轮台白杏、冬杏×木孜佳娜丽、冬杏×库车托佣、冬杏×阿克玉吕克出苗时间为3月26日;冬杏×索格佳娜丽的出苗最晚,4月3日开始出苗。图1
图1 以‘冬杏’为母本的杂交种子播种后出苗率变化
Fig. 1 Change of the emergence rate of 'Dongxing' as female parent of hybrid seed after sowing
2.4 不同杂交组合组合幼苗生长情况
研究表明,出苗后的30~150 d内,株高的增长幅度较大,随着生长进程的进行,出苗后的120~150 d期间生长速率减缓,株高增长缓慢;冬杏×特尔湾玉吕克和冬杏×毛拉肖的长势最好,生长至150 d时株高约为89和86 cm;冬杏自交、冬杏×克孜朗、冬杏×库车托佣、冬杏自然和冬杏×索格佳娜丽的长势均较好,仅次于最好的两个杂交组合;生长较为缓慢的杂交组合为冬杏×库曼提、冬杏×卡巴克胡安娜、冬杏×赛买提、冬杏×莎车洪待克、冬杏×木孜佳娜丽、冬杏×大果胡安娜和冬杏×轮台白杏、冬杏×晚熟佳娜丽,其余5个杂交组合均未成苗。
种子发芽率高,表明种子有高活力的种子多,播种后田间出苗率也高[12],试验人工杂交的20个杂交组合中,85%的杂交组合种子萌发,65%的杂交组合植株长大成苗,除个别的杂交种子发芽率较低外,其余的杂合种子发芽率均较高,这说明在新疆干旱少雨的气候条件下较能获得具高活力的种子,其中冬杏×毛拉肖的发芽率达到100%,在萌发和出苗期间的活性强弱及其特性的综合表现高,其田间出苗率和成苗率均表现良好。出苗组合长大成苗,说明杂交种子发育良好,种子的细胞结构与功能较完善,吸水吸胀后代谢旺盛,能保证迅速萌发且萌发时间短。
植物生长规律受其自身生物学特性的影响,又受其生境条件的影响。而植株高度既是衡量其生长发育状况的重要依据,也是反映其生长的生产指标。幼苗的株高变化受组合、外界气候条件和栽培管理的影响,应综合考虑;而试验的栽培条件、管理方式均一致,幼苗的生长主要是受组合的影响。在试验成苗的15个杂交组合中,冬杏×毛拉肖、冬杏×特尔湾玉吕克长势较好,生长至150 d的植株高度分别为78和89 cm,而冬杏×晚熟佳娜丽的生长量较小,生长至150 d的高度仅为38.7 cm,大部分株高在49~77 cm;各组合间长势有一定差距,但总体生长较均匀,这与郝津藜等[13]研究结果一致。
以冬杏为亲本的16个已发芽的杂交组合中,10个组合的杂交种子经低温层积后萌发且播种后,出苗率和成苗率较高,植株的长势旺;4个组合播种后,出苗率和成苗率较低,植株长势弱,生长量小,2个组合没有成苗。成苗后的各组合间长势有差异,但总体生长较集中、均匀。以冬杏为亲本的杂交能获得具有高活力的种子,播种后的出苗率和成苗率均较高,易获得杂交后代。
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Fund project:Supported by science and technology planning projects of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "integration and demonstration of the key technology of high efficiency and safety production of Xinjiang featured fruit tress" (201130102-1), and key discipline foundation for fruit trees of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
Study on Hybrid Seed Sprout Characteristics of a Very Late-maturing Cultivar ofPrunusarmeniaca'Dongxing'
DA Meng-xiang1, LIAO Kang1, ZHAO Shi-rong1, JIANG Zhen-bin1,SUN Jing-fang1, DONG Sheng-li2, DU Run-qing2
(1. Research Center of Featured Fruit Trees, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; 2. Luntai Fruit Germplasm Repository, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luntai Xinjiang 841600, China)
【Objective】 To study the difference between combinations of various apricot varieties in seed germination and seedling stage in order to provide a theoretical basis for breeding.【Method 】Dongxing (winter apricot) as female parent was crossed with 19 apricots cultivars in Xinjiang which have different ripen periods, and the hybrid seeds from which were used for germinating seedling and then the germination percentage, seedling emergence rate, seedling rate and seedling growth dynamics were determined to analyze the characteristics of various combinations between sprout.【Result】The results showed that germination rate of 10 combination was more than 60% after 60 d low laminated temperature. The seeds of Dongxing × Maolaxiao had the highest germination rate, the seeds of Dongxing × Wanshuhuanna and Dongxing × Danxing and Dongxing × Kalayulvke had zero germination rate, Dongxing × Teerwanyulvke and Dongxing × Maolaxiao had the higher seedling rate. Dongxing × Kumanti and the emergence time of Dongxing × Daguohuanna and Dongxing natural seeds was earlier and tidy. Among the 15 hybrid combinations of apricot plant, the ones that had the stronger growth potential were Dongxing × Teerwanyulvke and Dongxing × Maolaxiao, and the rest 13 hybrid apricot seedling growth potential was weak. 【Conclusion】The seeds of Dongxing hybrid combination show a big difference between seed germination rate, seedling emergence rate and seedling and at the same time, the combination of high germination percentage rate have high seedling rate, and the seeding growth of seeds from different hybrid combinations varies greatly.
Dongxing; hybrid; seeds germination; seedling
10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2016.05.003
2015-11-12
新疆维吾尔自治区科技计划项目“新疆特色果树种质资源利用技术研究与示范”(201130102-1);新疆维吾尔自治区果树重点学科基金
达梦香(1990-),女,新疆哈密人,硕士研究生,研究方向为果树栽培与生理,(E-mail)751485179@qq.com
廖康(1962-),男,四川梓橦人,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为果树种质资源与栽培生理,(E-mail)13899825018@163.com
S662.2
A
1001-4330(2016)05-0799-06