王利民 王海玲 彭鹏 赵逸超 祝朝前
·论著·
三维适形放疗辅助外科减黄手术治疗进展期胰头癌
王利民 王海玲 彭鹏 赵逸超 祝朝前
目的 探讨三维适形放疗(3D-CRT)对经外科减黄手术后胰头癌患者的辅助治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2010年1月期间唐山市工人医院肝胆外科收治的临床诊断为晚期胰头癌并接受姑息减黄手术治疗的88例患者临床资料,根据术后是否接受放化疗分为对照组(34例)、化疗组(23例)、放疗组(31例)。对照组患者术后未进行放疗或化疗;化疗组患者术后接受化疗,即在第1天、第8天静脉滴注吉西他滨1 000 mg/m2,第1天静脉滴注顺铂80 mg/m2,21 d为1个周期,共3个周期,每个周期间隔7 d;放疗组患者术后行三维适形放疗,照射总剂量为3 000~4 800 cGy,每天治疗1次,连续治疗6 d后休息1 d,10~15 d完成治疗。分析各组患者的治疗效果及生存时间。结果 对照组、化疗组、放疗组患者术后癌性疼痛发生率分别为52.9%、39.1%、9.7%,放疗组显著低于对照组及化疗组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);轻微消化道症状发生率分别为8.8%、73.9%、16.1%,骨髓抑制发生率分别为0、82.6%、9.7%,放疗组较对照组显著升高,但显著低于化疗组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。对照组患者1、2、3年术后生存率分别为30.1%、8.3%、0,化疗组分别为35.3%、14.8%、0,放疗组分别为46.4%、21.1%、3.6%,放疗组患者的术后生存率显著高于对照组及化疗组,差异具有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。结论 三维适形放疗对晚期胰头癌具有姑息治疗的作用,可延长部分晚期胰头癌患者的生存时间。
胰腺肿瘤; 放射疗法,适形; 肿瘤辅助疗法
胰头癌预后差,其5年生存率仅为1%~5%[1-3]。胰十二指肠切除术(Whipple术)是治疗胰头癌的最有效方法[4-5]。然而,胰头癌多发生于高龄患者[6],其起病隐匿、转移早,大多数患者就诊时已属晚期。加之胰十二指肠切除术后并发症多等因素,更多的患者最终选择姑息性减黄手术[7-8],以解除胆管和(或)十二指肠梗阻等症状,但是,此类姑息性手术治疗方案的中远期疗效并不尽人意。随着CT精确定位技术的发展,立体定向放疗技术从最初的颅内肿瘤治疗[9]逐渐拓展到体部实体肿瘤的放疗领域[10-11]。本研究回顾性分析接受姑息性减黄手术治疗后再行三维适形放疗的胰头癌患者的临床资料,探讨三维适形放疗对外科减黄术后胰头癌患者的辅助治疗效果。
一、患者临床资料
2006年1月至2010年1月期间唐山市工人医院肝胆外科收治伴有梗阻性黄疸的晚期胰头癌患者101例,年龄37~81岁,平均65岁,男性55例,女性46例。肿瘤侵犯肠系膜上动脉和(或)腹腔干65例,侵犯门静脉(肠系膜上静脉)预计无法根治性切除者16例,伴肝转移10例。7例接受经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术,3例接受十二指肠镜下胆管支架置入治疗,91例行外科减黄手术。91例外科手术患者术后23例接受吉西他滨化疗(化疗组),31例接受三维适形放疗(放疗组),34例拒绝术后放疗或化疗(对照组),3例接受吉西他滨化疗和三维适形放疗(因例数少未纳入研究)。
二、治疗方法
纳入研究的88例行外科减黄手术的患者中,28例行胆囊空肠吻合术,47例行胆囊切除+胆管空肠吻合术,13例行胆囊切除+胆管空肠吻合+胃空肠吻合术。所有减黄手术患者均行腹腔淋巴结清扫。
化疗方案:在第1天、第8天静脉滴注吉西他滨1 000 mg/m2,第1天静脉滴注顺铂80 mg/m2,21 d为1个周期,共3个周期,每个周期间隔7 d。
三维适形放疗(体部γ刀治疗):患者禁食、禁水,放疗定位时口服造影剂泛影葡胺20 ml加生理盐水150 ml。患者仰卧于负压袋上,双臂上举,负压袋抽真空成型固定,放置定位架覆盖胰腺病灶范围,再行CT增强扫描,范围为上中腹部,层厚5 mm,扫描完毕后核准N线值,并在患者体表与真空负压袋上标记相对位置。CT扫描数据由PACS系统传输至OUR-TPS工作站,经过三维立体重建,根据肿瘤大小、形状、脏器运动、摆位误差等勾画肿瘤靶区(gross traget volume, GTV)和计划靶区(planning target volume, PTV,为GTV外放5 mm),制定治疗计划,通过剂量-体积直方图评估治疗计划。处方剂量为300~600 cGy,等剂量曲线50%~90%覆盖PTV,照射总剂量为3 000~4 800 cGy,相邻部分十二指肠受量在30%~50%,脊髓受量<20%。每天治疗1次,连续治疗6 d后休息1 d,10~15 d完成治疗。
三、观察指标
记录患者的一般临床资料、术中出血量、手术并发症、不良反应。出院后每3个月对患者定期进行电话或信件随访,截止日期为2012年11月30日。术后生存期从手术之日开始计算,随访期内死于其他疾病或随访截止时仍存活者视为终检数据。
四、统计学处理
一、患者一般资料分析
对照组、化疗组、放疗组患者的性别、年龄、肿瘤TNM分期、手术中出血量、手术相关并发症、术前及术后胆红素水平的差异均无统计学意义,具有可比性;3组患者减黄手术方式的差异亦无统计学意义,具有可比性(表1)。
术后发生胆-肠吻合口瘘4例,反流性胆管炎3例,均经非手术治疗痊愈;无手术相关的死亡事件。
表1 3组患者一般资料的比较
二、3组患者生活质量比较
对照组、化疗组、放疗组患者术后癌性疼痛发生率分别为52.9%、39.1%、9.7%,放疗组显著低于对照组及化疗组,差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为13.87、9.63,P值均<0.05)。3组患者轻微消化道症状(食欲减退,或轻微腹泻)发生率分别为8.8%、73.9%、16.1%,骨髓抑制发生率分别为0、82.6%、9.7%,放疗组较对照组均显著升高(χ2值分别为18.26、29.09),但显著低于化疗组(χ2值分别为25.50、38.49),差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。
三、3组患者远期疗效观察
对照组患者的1、2、3年术后生存率分别为30.1%、8.3%、0,化疗组分别为35.3%、14.8%、0,放疗组分别为46.4%、21.1%、3.6%;3组患者中位生存期分别为6.3、9.2、12.8个月。放疗组患者的术后生存率显著高于对照组(χ2=15.45,P<0.05)及化疗组(χ2=7.324,P<0.05),中位生存期亦较对照组显著延长(χ2=4.02,P<0.05)。
胰头癌被国际医学界列为“21世纪的顽固堡垒”。理论上根治性或扩大的根治性胰十二指肠切除术可能改善胰头癌患者的远期生存率,但实际的远期生存率却远远低于预期[12-14],主要原因是胰头癌具有较早发生淋巴结转移和胰腺外神经浸润的生物学特征。胰头癌早期多无临床症状,患者大多因黄疸就诊,就诊时往往已存在淋巴结转移,而胰头癌淋巴结转移又有“隐匿、跳跃”特征。因此,尽管手术中做淋巴结清扫,但很难彻底清除远处转移的癌细胞,从而造成肿瘤术后复发。
单纯的减黄手术虽然能迅速、有效缓解患者的黄疸症状,但患者多于术后3~5个月即出现恶心、厌食、厌油以及腰背部疼痛等症状,并且逐渐加剧,中远期疗效极差。本研究行单纯减黄手术患者的中位生存时间仅为6.3个月,其原因是该手术仅解决胆管和(或)胃肠道梗阻问题,并未有效抑制肿瘤原发病灶的进一步浸润生长、淋巴及血行转移,因此,终末期常常发生肝、脑转移。
国内已有较多医疗机构开展CT精确定位技术辅助治疗部分姑息性手术的胰头癌患者。本研究结果显示,姑息性手术后接受三维适形放疗,患者中位生存时间为12.8个月,有效延长晚期胰头癌患者的生存时间。并且,相比于全身化疗所致的消化道不良反应和骨髓抑制,三维适形放疗具有更好的耐受性,更容易被患者接受。
综上所述,三维适形放疗对晚期胰头癌有姑息治疗的作用,可延长患者的生存时间。 然而,中晚期胰腺癌患者罕有超过3年的带瘤生存者,寻求安全又有效的治疗中晚期胰腺癌的方法,仍然任重而道远。
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(本文编辑:吕芳萍)
The application of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy-assisted cholangioenterostomy in treating patients with advanced pancreatic head carcinoma
WangLimin,WangHailing,PengPeng,ZhaoYichao,ZhuChaoqian.
DepartmentofHepatobiliarySurgery,TangshanGongrenHospital,Tangshan063000,ChinaCorrespondingauthor:WangLimin,Email:g_lmwang@sina.com
Objective To investigate the adjuvant therapeutic efficacy of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) in treating patients who underwent surgical operation for biliary drainage. Methods Clinical data on 88 clinically diagnosed advanced pancreatic head carcinoma patients who received palliative biliary drainage surgery in Tanshan Gongren Hospital from Jan 2006 to Jan 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. The cases were categorized according to the treatment into control group (n=34), chemotherapy group (n=23) and radiotherapy group (n=31). The patients in control group received no chemotherapy or radiotherapy after biliary drainage surgery. The patients in chemotherapy group received chemotherapy of 1 000 mg/m2gemcitabine intravenous infusion on day 1 and day 8, 80 mg/m2 cisplatin intravenous infusion on day 1 for each treatment cycle. Each cycle lasted for 21 days and was repeated for 3 cycles at an interval of 7 days in a treatment course. Patients in radiotherapy group received 3D-CRT for 6 successive days followed by an interval on the 7th day. The treatment course was completed within 10~15 days with the total dosage of 3 000~4 800 cGy. The therapeutic effects and survival time were analyzed. Results The incidence of cancer
Pancreatic neoplasms; Radiotherapy, conformal; Neoadjuvant therapy
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2016.05.002
063000 河北唐山,唐山市工人医院肝胆外科(王利民、彭鹏、赵逸超、祝朝前);河北省唐山市卫生监督所(王海玲)
王利民,Email: g_lmwang@sina.com
associated pain was 52.9%, 39.1% and 9.7% in control group, chemotherapy group and radiotherapy group, respectively, which was significantly lower in radiotherapy than that in the other two groups (bothP<0.05). The incidence of mild gastrointestinal symptoms was 8.8%, 73.9% and 16.1%, respectively, and that of bone marrow suppression was 0%, 82.6% and 9.7%, respectively, which were both significantly lower in radiotherapy group than in chemotherapy group (bothP<0.05). The 1-year, 2-year and 3-year survival rate was 30.1%, 8.3%, 0% in control group, 35.3%, 14.8%, 0% in chemotherapy group and 46.4%, 21.1%, 3.6% in radiotherapy group, which in radiotherapy group was significantly higher than that in control group and chemotherapy group (allP<0.05). Conclusions 3D-CRT was a palliative strategy for advanced pancreatic head cancer, which could prolong the survival of patients.
2016-06-22)