李华军
分析长难句是准确理解长难句的前提,是高考高分的保证。因此,准确理解长难句是考生应掌握的必备技能。
如何分析长难句?首先找出句子的主干部分(主谓宾, 或主系表),然后再理解句子的修饰、补充成分。
现将2016年高考英语全国卷中出现的长难句分类精析如下:
一、主谓之间被定语从句所分隔
( 2016全国丙卷语法填空) Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks.
[分析]句中that引导一个宾语从句, 宾语从句的主语Confucius与谓语influenced the development of chopsticks之间被who引导的非限制性定语从句所分开。
[句意]一些人认为这位生活在公元前约551~479年的中国伟大学者孔子影响了筷子的发展。
二、主谓之间被复杂的同位语所分隔
主谓之间被复杂的同位语(名词+定语从句)所分隔。如:
(2016全国甲卷阅读理解D篇) Shackleton, a onetime British merchant-navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908, before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography.
[分析]Shackleton started a business为句子主干,主语与谓语之间的a onetime British merchant-navy officer ...为Shackleton的同位语;在同位语中,who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908是定语从句,修饰officer;before his 1914 voyage 为时间状语,to make...是不定式短语作目的状语。
[句意]Shackleton,一个曾经的英国商船队军官,在1908年到达过距离南极点不足100英里的地方,在他1914年航海前开始做生意,从电影和静态摄影中赚钱。
三、主谓之间被非谓语动词所分隔
(2016全国甲卷完形填空) The woman sitting at the desk, seeing my madness, sympathetically jumped up.
[分析]The woman jumped up为句子主干,sitting at the desk为现在分词短语作后置定语,seeing my madness为原因状语。
[句意]坐在桌旁的那位妇女,看到了我疯狂的举动,同情地跳了起来。
四、从句中有多个非谓语动词
(2016全国乙卷语法填空) But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
[分析]句中when引导非限制性定语从句,补充说明先行词the mid-1980s;在这个定语从句中,过去分词短语permitted ... 作定语修饰reporter;现在分词短语caring for ... 作定语修饰unit;过去分词短语rescued from ... 作定语,修饰pandas。
[句意]但我和熊猫的联系可以追溯到20世纪80年代中期的一档电视节目中,我是第一个被允许拍摄一个特殊单位的西方电视台记者,这个单位是照顾从野外挨饿中营救的熊猫的。
五、非谓语动词短语中含从句
(2016全国甲卷阅读理解C篇) Then the person it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.
[分析]Then the person leaves it in a public place为句子的主干,hoping that...是现在分词短语作伴随状语,其中that引导的是宾语从句;在宾语从句中又包含了一个现在分词短语traveling...作伴随状语,且这一个伴随状语中还包含了一个由who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词reader。
[句意]然后,这个人可以把它(书)留在一个公共场合,希望这本书经历一场冒险,随着每个发现它的新读者到处旅行。
六、并列句中又含从句
( 2016全国丙卷完形填空)We went 10-1 and I was named most valuable player, but I often had crazy dreams in which I was to blame for Millers accident.
[分析]本句是由but连接的两个并列分句,在后一个分句中包含了一个由in which引导的定语从句。
[句意]我们是以10比1赢得比赛并且我被评为最有价值的球员,但我经常做恶梦,在梦中我因为Miller的事故而受责备。
七、从句套从句,环环相扣
( 2016全国乙卷阅读理解C篇) For this courier job,youre consciously aware that in that box youve got something that is potentially going to save somebodys life.
[分析]youre aware that ... 为句子主干,前一个that引导一个宾语从句,在宾语从句中包含了一个that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词something。
[句意]对于这个递送工作,你得清醒地意识到在那个箱子里放的很可能是挽救别人生命的东西。
八、多个从句且从句套从句
( 2016全国乙卷阅读理解D篇)Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied(暗示) the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.
[分析]句中when引导一个时间状语从句;主句的主语what may be implied为主语从句,that引导一个表语从句,在这个表语从句中,what引导一个宾语从句,作consider的宾语。
[句意]因此,当一个来自其中某个文化群体的人在说话的时候突然停住时,可能是在暗示讲话者希望听众在继续(讲下去)之前思考一下刚才所讲的内容。