基于独立非同分布广义K信道的OSTBC睲IMO系统及性能

2016-11-01 17:01何杰肖琨
计算机应用 2016年9期
关键词:广义差错信道

何杰 肖琨

摘要:

针对独立非同分布(i.n.i.d.)广义K衰落信道中的正交空时分组编码多输入多输出(OSTBCMIMO)系统性能问题,建立了采用MQAM调制的OSTBCMIMO系统在i.n.i.d广义K衰落信道中的系统模型。利用接收端等效信噪比(SNR)可以近似为两个由多个独立伽马随机变量之和构成的随机变量的乘积这一关系,推导出近似等效信噪比的概率密度函数表达式,继而推导得到平均符号差错概率、中断概率和容量的闭式。仿真结果表明:除波形参数m外,k取任意不同正整数值也会对系统性能产生重要的影响,OSTBCMIMO系统在i.n.i.d.广义K衰落信道中的性能与在独立同分布(i.i.d.)广义K衰落信道中的性能存在显著差别。

关键词:

中断概率;容量;符号差错概率;广义K衰落信道;正交空时分组编码

中图分类号:

TN915.01

文献标志码:A

Abstract:

Concerning the performance of the Orthogonal Space Time Block Code based MultipleInput MultipleOutput (OSTBCMIMO) system over independent but not necessarily identically distributed (i.n.i.d.) generalizedK fading channels, the system model of the OSTBCMIMO system was established in i.n.i.d. generalizedK fading channel by adopting MQAM modulation scheme. We take full use of the relationship that the receiver equivalent SNR is approximated by the product of two random variables, which are composed of multiple independent Gamma distributed random variables, respectively. Then, the closedform PDF expression of the approximate equivalent SNR is derived and thereafter the expressions of the average symbol error probability, channel capacity and outage probability are derived successively.

The equivalent SignaltoNoise Ratio (SNR) of the receiver was approximated by the product of two variables that composed of multiple independent Gamma distributed random variables. On the basis of that, the probability density function expression of the equivalent SNR was derived as well as the expression of the average symbol error probability, channel capacity and outage probability.

The simulation results show that, in addition to the parameter m, the parameter k also has a significant impact on the overall system performance, which produces the nonnegligible differences on the system performance between the i.n.i.d. generalizedK fading channels and the i.i.d. generalizedK fading channels.

英文關键词Key words:

outage probability; capacity; symbol error probability; generalizedK fading channel; Orthogonal Space Time Block Code (OSTBC)

0引言

多径衰落和阴影效应是用来表征一般无线信道的两个特征。在复合无线信道模型中,Nakagamim模型[1]和Suzuki模型[2]广泛地应用于各种无线通信系统中。然而这两种复合信道模型的概率密度函数(Probability Density Function, PDF)得不到闭式,给评估移动通信系统链路性能带来了很大的困难。广义K衰落信道模型不但能很好地模拟无线信道的快衰落和慢衰落效应,而且存在闭式,因而吸引了众多国内外学者的关注。

文献[3-4]分析了广义K衰落信道中多输入多输出(MultipleInput MultipleOutput, MIMO)系统的容量。有关MIMO、单天线系统符号差错概率的研究可以在文献[5-7]中找到。由于正交空时分组编码可以提高系统的可靠性,并且使得接收端的解码相对简单[8-11],因此文献[12]和文献[13]在独立同分布(independent and necessarily identically distributed, i.i.d.)的广义K衰落信道中研究了采用正交空时分组编码的MIMO系统的性能。这些研究的不足在于:1)研究主要基于i.i.d.广义K衰落信道,而不是独立非同分布(independent but not necessarily identically distributed, i.n.i.d.)广义K衰落信道,而现实MIMO系统中,i.n.i.d.广义K衰落信道更具有一般性。本文接下来的研究结果将表明,i.n.i.d.广义K衰落信道和i.i.d.广义K衰落信道中的系统性能表达式截然不同,性能也存在显著差异。2)文献[14]研究了有限i.n.i.d.广义K衰落信道中最大比合并接收机的性能,即只考虑了波形参数m取不同正整数的情况,没有考虑波形参数k在MIMO子信道中的差异性,有较大的局限性,而且该研究不针对正交空时分组编码(Orthogonal Space Time Block Code, OSTBC)MIMO系统。

基于上述原因,本文开展基于i.n.i.d.广义K衰落信道的OSTBCMIMO系统的性能研究,同时考虑了波形参数m和k取不同正整数的情形。虽然要在数学上获得基于i.n.i.d.广义K衰落信道的OSTBCMIMO系统性能的精确闭式非常困难,但是本文通过推导近似等效信噪比的概率密度函数,获得了OSTBCMIMO系统的近似性能的闭式。在仿真分析中,着重考察了信道参数k对于系统性能的影响,并得出了科学的结论。

1系统模型

如图1所示,在i.n.i.d.广义K衰落信道中,具有Nt个发射天线和Nr个接收天线的MIMO系统采用正交空时分组编码。首先,信源被调制成星座大小为M的正交振幅调制(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, QAM)符号集合S,这些符号被OSTBC编码器编成大小为T×Nt的正交分组空时码C,T为正交分组空时码的分组长度。C可以表示为C=∑Ll=1slAl+s*lBl,其中符号{sl}(l=1,2,…,L)选自QAM符号集合S,Al,Bl∈CT×Nr是常数。于是系统输入和输出的关系可以表示为:

Y=CΗ+n(1)

其中:信道矩阵Η∈CNt×Nr,并假设在一个分组周期T内信道系数是不变的;信道矩阵中的元素hn, j=αn, jeiφn, j代表第nth根发射天线到第jth根接收天线间的信道系数,αn, j为相应子信道的幅值,服从i.n.i.d.广义K分布,φn, j是相应子信道的相位,服从(0,2π]的均匀分布。n是大小为T×Nr的噪声矩阵,其中的元素假定為服从CN(0,N0)的复循环对称高斯随机变量。

3仿真分析

本节通过蒙特卡洛仿真验证理论推导的正确性以及获得系统性能数据。产生1010个i.n.i.d.广义K分布随机数,根据式(4)、(5),得到输出端的等效信噪比。图2描绘了i.n.i.d.广义K衰落信道中OSTBCMIMO系统在16QAM调制下的平均符号差错概率与信噪比的关系,其中发射天线数分别为2和3,接收天线数为1。可以看出当增加发射天线数目时,平均符号差错概率有了明显的减小。至于信道参数kl对平均符号差错概率的影响,通过在相同的仿真设置下,仅改变参数kl的取值来考察平均符号差错概率。图2中,在发射天线数为2且参数ml不变的情况下,kl=1,2时的平均符号差错概率比kl=3,4时的平均符号差错概率大。相同的结论在发射天线数为3的数据中也观察到。这说明当参数kl增大时,各子信道的信道状况变好导致平均符号差错概率变小,可见参数kl对平均符号差错概率有着显著的影响。

4结语

本文通过在独立非同分布广义K衰落信道中获得近似等效信噪比的PDF闭式解决了等效信噪比的精确PDF闭式难以获得,进而不能获得基于独立非同分布广义K衰落信道的OSTBCMIMO系统性能闭式这一问题。所得到的平均符号差错概率、中断概率以及容量的闭式性能与仿真结果高度一致,从而验证了理论分析的正确性。需要重视的是,数值分析表明波形参数k在平均符号差错概率和中断概率上的影响是显著的,在容量上存在细微影响,然而已有的研究往往忽略了参数k在实际MIMO子信道中的差异对系统性能的影响,本文的工作完善了这一理论问题,具有一般性,取得了积极的进展。

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