窦瑞雨, 李想, 刘琨, 张丽君, 徐磊
·肺栓塞影像学专题·
自然呼吸下小剂量对比剂CTPA诊断肺动脉栓塞
窦瑞雨, 李想, 刘琨, 张丽君, 徐磊
目的:评估自然呼吸状态下小剂量对比剂CT肺动脉成像(CTPA)的可行性及诊断肺动脉栓塞的价值。方法:64例临床怀疑肺动脉栓塞的患者行CTPA检查,按随机表分为A、B两组:A组(n =32),自然呼吸状态下扫描,管电压100kV,螺距3.2,对比剂为碘海醇(350 mg I/mL)25 mL;B组(n =32),常规扫描模式,管电压120 kV,螺距2.2,对比剂为碘帕醇(370 mg I/mL)。测量各级肺动脉CT值、标准差(SD)、上腔静脉CT值;计算肺动脉主干及双下肺动脉基底支信噪比(SNR)、对比噪声比(CNR);记录对比剂用量、容积CT剂量指数(CTDIvol)、剂量长度乘积(DLP)、有效辐射剂量(ED),并进行统计学分析。结果:两组肺动脉各级分支CT值及两下肺动脉基底支SD值、SNR差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。A组肺动脉主干、左右肺动脉SD值高于B组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);A、B两组肺动脉主干SNR、CNR及左右下肺动脉基底支CNR差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A组上腔静脉CT值[(469.93±196.22)HU]、对比剂用量(25.00mL)明显低于B组[(870.72±426.87)HU、(49.47±7.56)mL],差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);A组CTDIvol、DLP、ED较B组明显减低[(2.81±3.86) vs (5.65±1.14),P=0.000;(86.25±0.40) vs (163.63±39.00),P=0.000;(1.21±0.18)mSv vs (2.29±0.55)mSv,P=0.000],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组共检出肺动脉栓塞24例(A组11例,B组13例),两组间阳性显示率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组上腔静脉线束硬化伪影显示率(A组9例,B组19例)差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:自然呼吸状态下小对比剂用量CTPA检查图像质量可满足诊断要求,可减少上腔静脉线束硬化伪影,降低对比剂用量及辐射剂量。
体层摄影术,X摄像计算机; 肺动脉栓塞; 对比剂; 辐射剂量
肺动脉栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE)发病率逐年上升,病死率较高,目前无创性CT肺动脉血管成像(CT pulmonary angiography,CTPA)已经成为其影像诊断的首选方法[1]。由于对比剂肾病(contrast induced nephropathy,CIN)、电离辐射损伤与对比剂用量及CT辐射剂量密切相关,因此在图像质量满足诊断要求的前提下,合理减少对比剂用量、辐射剂量以降低CIN、辐射损伤的发生风险显得十分必要[2-4]。PE患者因呼吸困难、心衰、意识障碍或伴有听力障碍、痴呆等情况不能配合屏气,在常规CTPA扫描模式下有可能导致检查失败或图像质量差,本研究探讨在自然呼吸状态下,采用大螺距、小对比剂用量、低管电压CTPA成像的可行性及其临床应用价值。
1.病例资料
搜集2016年3月-6月于我院行CTPA检查的64例受检者,随机分为两组:实验组(A组)32例,其中男20例,女12例,平均年龄(60.75±14.59)岁,体重(70.78±11.30) kg;对照组(B组)32例,其中男18例,女14例,平均年龄(57.00±16.60)岁,体重(72.60±13.45) kg。所有受检者均签署知情同意书,并排除碘过敏病史、严重肾功能不全。
2.检查方法
CTPA检查采用Siemens Somatom Definition Flash第二代双源CT机,机架转速0.28 s/r,应用管电流调制技术(CareDose 4D,80~180 mAs),采用原始数据迭代重建技术(sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction,SAFIRE)进行图像重建,重建层厚1 mm,层间隔0.6 mm,窗卷积核I30f。扫描范围由胸廓入口至后肋膈角,方向由足至头。
A组扫描参数:管电压100 kV,螺距3.2,应用对比剂跟踪技术(bolus tracking technique,BTT),感兴趣区(region of interest,ROI)选择肺动脉主干,当CT值达80 HU后,延时4 s自动触发扫描,对比剂采用碘海醇(350 mg I/mL,25 mL),注射流速4.0 mL/s。B组扫描参数:管电压120 kV,螺距2.2,对比剂采用碘帕醇(370 mg I/mL),注射流率根据体质指数(body mass index,BMI)确定:BMI<18 kg/m2时流率为4.0 mL/s,BMI为18~23 kg/m2时流率为4.3 mL/s,BMI为23~28 kg/m2时流率为4.6 mL/s,BMI>28 kg/m2时流率为5.0 mL/s。对比剂用量=注射流率×[延迟扫描时间-生理盐水(30 mL)÷注射流率]。扫描前先应用小剂量对比剂团注测试法,即以相同流率注入对比剂、生理盐水各15 mL,选择肺动脉主干、左心房层面作为监测感兴趣区,对比剂注射开始后延迟4 s、每隔1 s进行感兴趣区监测扫描,将肺动脉主干、左心房时间-密度曲线(DynEva方法)交叉点的时间设为CTPA检查的延迟扫描时间。
3.图像分析
由2位影像诊断医师采用双盲法对上述64例受检者的CTPA图像在工作站上通过容积再现(volume rendering,VR)、多平面重组(multiplanar reformation,MPR)、最大密度投影(maximum intensity projection,MIP)等后处理技术进行重建并独立分析,意见不一致时经协商取得一致意见。分别测量两组受检者各级肺动脉CT值、背部肌肉CT值标准差(SD值)、上腔静脉(右肺动脉水平)CT值, ROI选择肺动脉主干、左肺动脉、右肺动脉、背部肌肉组织截面积(1.4~1.6 cm2),左、右下肺动脉基底支、上腔静脉(右肺动脉水平)ROI占正常管腔2/3截面积(图1~3)。计算肺动脉主干及双下肺动脉基底支信噪比(signal to noise ratio,SNR)=(肺动脉CT值/背部肌肉SD)、对比噪声比(contrast to noise ratio,CNR)=(肺动脉CT值-背部肌肉CT值)/背部肌肉SD,采用各级肺动脉SD值、CNR、SNR评价图像噪声[5]。记录两组出现上腔静脉周围条纹伪影的病例数、伪影程度(伪影局限在上腔静脉周围时不影响诊断,伪影放射至右肺动脉和/或右上叶肺动脉时影响诊断)及肺动脉栓塞阳性例数(图4~6);记录实验组肺动脉呼吸运动伪影产生错层、断层的病例数。记录两组对比剂用量、容积CT剂量指数(CT dose index volume,CTDIvol)、剂量长度乘积(dose length product,DLP)及有效辐射剂量(effective dose,ED)(ED=DLP×0.014),本研究仅统计对比剂用量、辐射剂量,不包括小剂量对比剂团注测试。
4.统计学分析
1.两组受检者年龄、体重差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表1);两组肺动脉CT值均>220 HU,A组CTPA图像未发现各级肺动脉呼吸运动伪影致错层、断层,图像质量满足诊断要求。
表1 两组一般资料、线束硬化伪影、PE显示率比较
2.两组客观图像质量比较
两组病例肺动脉各级分支CT值、两下肺动脉基底支SD值、SNR值差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。A组肺动脉主干、左、右肺动脉SD值高于B组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),A组肺动脉主干CNR及SNR、两下肺基底支CNR低于B组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组上腔静脉CT值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,表2)。
A组对比剂用量为固定25 mL,较B组对比剂用量[(49.47±7.56) mL]减少49.46%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A、B两组CTDIvol、DLP、ED差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),A组辐射剂量明显低于B组。
表2 两组客观图像质量及辐射剂量比较
A组9例显示上腔静脉硬化伪影,B组19例,经χ2检验两组显示率差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.349,P=0.012);A组检出肺动脉栓塞11例(阳性率34%),B组检出13例(阳性率41%),经χ2检验两组阳性率差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.267,P=0.606,表1)。
随着MSCT技术的发展,时间、空间分辨力明显提高,成像时间进一步缩短,西门子第二代双源CT应用Flash模式,螺距达3.2,CTPA扫描时间仅需0.75 s左右,本研究A组CTPA图像未发现肺动脉因呼吸运动或心脏运动而产生伪影的情况,说明自然呼吸状态下大螺距CTPA成像技术是可行的[6]。常规CTPA检查深吸气后屏气致胸腔内压力降低,使下腔静脉(不含对比剂的血液)回流至右心房的血流量增加,从而稀释了肺动脉的对比剂浓度或造成对比剂混合不均匀,影响图像质量。急性肺动脉栓塞临床表现多样,无特异性,极易误诊、漏诊,患者不明原因的呼吸困难、肺动脉高压、晕厥高度提示急性肺动脉栓塞可能,未经诊治的患者病死率达25%~30%[7];在自然呼吸状态下快速完成CTPA检查,避免不能配合屏气而导致检查失败,可及时明确诊断急性肺动脉栓塞,提高患者生存率。
本研究中A组对比剂浓度为350 mg I/mL,低于B组(370 mg I/mL),较低浓度对比剂可减轻对血管内皮的损伤和肾脏功能损害。本研究A组较B组上腔静脉CT值减低46.03%,两组上腔静脉线束硬化伪影显示率及伪影影响诊断的程度差异有统计学意义(A组9例,其中2例伪影放射至右肺动脉及右上肺动脉周围而影响诊断;B组19例,其中7例伪影放射至右肺动脉及右上肺动脉周围而影响诊断),A组上腔静脉线束硬化伪影较少,图像质量较好。静脉注射含碘对比剂后CIN发生率约为3%,CIN与对比剂用量相关,尤其糖尿病是CIN发生最为重要的相关危险因素,小用量对比剂可降低CIN的发生风险[8,9];本研究A组对比剂用量为25 mL,较B组减少49.46%,既可降低CIN的发生风险又可减少患者的检查费用。
理论上辐射剂量与管电压的平方呈正比,与管电流线性相关,可通过降低管电压、管电流实现降低CTPA扫描辐射剂量的目的;同时在不同管电压模式下的CTPA图像中,肺动脉强化程度相同的情况下,低管电压较高管电压可减少对比剂用量[10,11]。本研究A组采用100 kV管电压及管电流调制技术,有效降低了辐射剂量。A组DLP、CTDIvol、ED较B组分别降低约47.29%、50.27%、47.29%;A组 ED约1.21 mSv,较戴颖钰等[12]报道的ED(2.34~4.21 mSv)进一步减低。但是随着辐射剂量的降低,图像噪声随之升高,本研究A、B两组各级肺动脉CT值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),A组肺动脉主干、左右肺动脉SD值高于B组,肺动脉主干(CNR、SNR)、两下肺基底支(CNR)低于B组,图像噪声主要影响肺动脉主干、左右肺动脉,对肺动脉段级及以下分支影响不大。本研究采用SAFIRE技术,可减轻噪声对肺动脉图像的影响,提高了CTPA图像质量[13]。本研究两组各级肺动脉CT值及肺栓塞阳性显示率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),诊断效能相近,因此,CTPA检查选择合适的扫描参数,可平衡辐射剂量与图像质量之间的关系。
综上所述,采用自然呼吸状态下小剂量对比剂CTPA检查,可减轻上腔静脉线束硬化伪影、降低辐射剂量及CIN的发生风险,尽管图像噪声略有增高,但依然可满足诊断要求,因此值得推广。本研究中对比剂浓度仍然较高,有进一步降低的可能(270 mg I/mL)。
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The application value of low contrast agent CT pulmonary angiography under natural breathing in diagnosis of pulmonary embolism
DOU Rui-yun,LI Xiang,LIU Kun,et al.
Radiology Department,Beijing Anzhen Hospital,Capital Medical University,Beijing 100029,China
Objective:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and application value of low contrast agent CT pulmonary angiography in diagnosis of pulmonary embolism under free breathing.Methods: According to the random number table,a total of 64 patients with suspected pulmonary embolism were divided into two groups,group A (n=40) and group B (n=40),and underwent CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA).Group A underwent with 100kV,helical pitch (HP) 3.2 and 25mL of contrast medium (350mg I/mL) on free breathing mode.Group B underwent with 120kV,HP 2.2 and contrast medium (370mg I/mL) on routine breath-hold mode.The parameters including CT value and standard deviation (SD) in the different level of pulmonary artery (main pulmonary artery,left and right pulmonary artery,left and right inferior basal segment pulmonary artery) and CT value of superior vena cava (SVC) were measured.The signal to noise ratio (SNR) and contrast to noise ratio (CNR) of main pulmonary artery and bilateral inferior basal segment pulmonary artery were calculated.The amount of contrast agent,CT dose index volume (CTDIvol),dose length product (DLP) and effective dose (ED) were recorded.Statistical analysis was performed for the two groups.Results:There were no significant differences in CT value in different levels of pulmonary artery,SD and SNR of bilateral inferior basal segment pulmonary arteries (P>0.05).The SD in the main pulmonary artery and bilateral pulmonary arteries in Group A were higher than that in group B,the (SNR and CNR) in main pulmonary artery and the (CNR) in bilateral inferior basal segment pulmonary arteries which were lower in group A,with significant statistical difference (P<0.05).The CT value of SVC and amount of contrast agent in group A [(469.93±196.22)HU,(25.00±0.00)mL] were lower than those in group B [(870.72±426.87)HU,(9.47±7.56)mL],with significant statistical differences (P<0.01).The CTDIvol,DLP,and ED were lower in group A than those in group B [(2.81±3.86) vs (5.65±1.14),P=0.000;(86.25±0.40) vs (163.63±39.00),P=0.000;(1.21±0.18)mSv vs (2.29±0.55)mSv,P=0.000],with significant statistical differences (P<0.05).PE was found in 24 patients (11 in group A,13 in group B),however with no significant difference between the two groups (χ2=0.267,P=0.606).The iodine contrast agent sclerosis artifacts in SVC between two groups was noted with significant statistical difference (χ2= 6.349,P=0.012<0.05).Conclusion:The image quality on CTPA under free breathing and low contrast agent is satisfied.The iodine contrast agent sclerosis artifacts of superior vena cava,dosage of contrast medium and radiation are reduced.
Tomography,X-ray computed; Contrast agent; Radiation dose
100029北京,首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院医学影像科
窦瑞雨(1982-),男,北京人,主治医师,主要从事心肺血管影像诊断工作。
R563.5; R814.42
A
1000-0313(2016)09-0808-04
10.13609/j.cnki.1000-0313.2016.09.003
2016-08-01)