周靖 戴允浪
成人急性心肌炎的病例特点分析
周靖 戴允浪
目的 总结急性心肌炎的临床特点,为临床诊治提供参考。方法 回顾性分析2013年1月~2015年12月于我院心内科住院的急性心肌炎患者,总结临床资料,分析症状、检查结果、合并症、治疗和预后。结果 84例急性心肌炎中有46例重症心肌炎。与非重症心肌炎组比,重症心肌炎组QRS波更宽、LVEF更低、心包积液更多,糖皮质激素和丙种球蛋白应用更多,住院日更长。重症心肌炎中41.3%合并心源性休克,7例植入IABP;43.5%存在高度房室传导阻滞,30.4%行临时起搏器,1例植入永久性起搏器。共有3例住院期间死亡。结论 重症心肌炎在临床表现、治疗上有别于非重症心肌炎;对于严重心律失常、心源性休克等并发症,器械治疗发挥了重要作用。
心肌炎;合并症;治疗;预后
急性心肌炎是扩张性心肌病的重要原因;重症心肌炎进展迅速,若不能迅速识别并采取有效措施,可快速出现多脏器功能不全,甚至死亡。本研究旨在分析本院近年诊治的急性心肌炎患者的病例特点,对成人急性心肌炎的诊治提供一定参考。
1.1 对象
回顾性分析2013年1月~2015年12月入住我院心内科诊断急性病毒性心肌炎的患者。急性病毒性心肌炎和重症病毒性心肌炎的诊断标准参考2013年欧洲心脏病学会发布的声明[1]。排除标准:(1)年龄超过55岁且未行冠脉造影或冠脉CTA排除冠心病;(2)存在基础心脏病;(3)由药物、毒物、自身免疫性疾病等引起的心肌损害。
1.2 方法
总结分析患者的临床资料,并将重症心肌炎组和非重症心肌炎组进行对比。探讨重症心肌炎的严重并发症、器械治疗以及预后。
1.3 统计学方法
采用IBM SPSS 20软件进行统计分析。计量资料比较采用独立样本t检验或非参数检验。计数资料比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2.1 总体情况
男性占69.0%,年龄为39(25~52)岁。72.6%有前驱感染症状,有发热者占61.9%,潜伏时间为3(1~6)天。常见症状有胸闷(63.1%)、胸痛(46.4%)、心悸(38.1%)、呼吸困难(29.8%)、乏力(26.2%)、意识丧失(20.2%)等。住院时间为11(7~15)天。
2.2 重症心肌炎与非重症心肌炎比较
比较发现(如表1),重症心肌炎组症状以胸闷、心悸、呼吸困难和意识丧失更多,而胸痛较少;该组有更多梗死样心电图、病理性Q波和束支阻滞,QRS波更宽;重症组LVEF更低,心包积液更多;糖皮质激素、丙种球蛋白和螺内酯在重症心肌炎中应用更多;重症心肌炎患者住院日更长。
表1 重症心肌炎组和非重症心肌炎组临床特点比较
2.3 重症心肌炎的并发症
26例(56.5%)出现充血性心衰,19例(41.3%)合并心源性休克,7例植入IABP;20例(43.5%)发生高度房室传导阻滞,10例(21.7%)出现室速,16例(34.8%)合并阿斯综合征,两例合并病态窦房结综合征,14例(30.4%)植入临时起搏器,有1例因长时间未恢复正常心律植入永久性起搏器。有11例(23.9%)出现急性肾损伤,1例需行临时肾脏替代治疗;11例(23.9%)合并呼吸衰竭,8例使用无创呼吸机,两例行气管插管; 21例(45.7%)合并肝功能损害, 3例合并急性胰腺炎。共有3例在住院期间死亡。
本研究发现,胸闷、胸痛是急性心肌炎最常见的症状。部分患者心电图ST段抬高,可能与合并心包炎相关;若心肌炎引起透壁心肌损害,也可出现心肌梗死样心电图,很难与急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死区分,急诊冠脉造影可迅速鉴别,避免延误治疗。
引起心肌炎的主要病原体如柯萨奇病毒,可引起肝细胞损害,甚至急性肝炎[2-3];动物模型上观察到柯萨奇病毒除引起心肌、肝脏损害外,还可侵犯胰岛细胞,甚至引起急性胰腺炎[4],本研究中有3例患者合并急性胰腺炎。
本研究中大部分患者接受了丙种球蛋白和糖皮质激素治疗;两者在急性心肌炎的使用主要基于发病机制[5]。丙种球蛋白可改善儿童急性心肌炎预后[6];免疫抑制剂的疗效尚不统一,有研究显示糖皮质激素可能对心肌炎相关的扩张性心肌病有益[7]。
重症心肌炎中高度AVB发生率高,急性期后大部分可恢复,本研究中仅有1例因不能恢复而植入永久性起搏器。IABP可为药物难纠正的心源性休克提供循环支持,必要时可应用ECMO等循环辅助装置;国外研究证实,尽管初始表现很重,机械循环辅助装置帮助度过急性期后,超过60%~80%重症心肌炎患者可以存活[8]。
本研究显示,重症心肌炎在临床表现、治疗和预后上有别于非重症心肌炎;对于严重心律失常、心源性休克等并发症,器械治疗发挥了重要作用。
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Analysis of the Characteristics of Adu lt Patien ts with Acu te Myocarditis
ZHOU Jing DAI Yunlang Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu 215006, China
Ob jective Reviewing the clinical features of adult acute myocarditis,in order to provide assistance to the clinical management. Methods Patients hospitalized in the cardiology department from January 2013 to December 2015 with acute myocarditis were reviewed retrospectively. Their clinical data were collected. Their symptoms,complications, treatment and outcome were analyzed. Results 84 patients with acute myocarditis were included, among which 46 patients were identified as fulminant myocarditis. Compared to non-fulminant group,the fulminant group had greater QRS wave w idth, worse LVEF, and more pericardial effusion. Gamma-globulin and glucocorticoid w ere more frequently used in the fulminant groupand the fulminant group had a longer hospital stay. Cardiogenic shock happened on 41.3% patients with fulminant myocarditis, and 7 patients used IABP. 43.5% the presence of a high degree of atrioventricular block, 30.4% temporary pacemaker, 1 patients with permanent pacemaker implantation. A total of 3 patients died during hospitalization. Conclusion Acute fulminant myocarditis had different manifestations and treatment. Mechanical therapy played an important role in the treatment of patients with acute myocarditis complicated by severe arrhythmias and cardiogenic shock.
Myocarditis, Complications, Treatment, Prognosis
R 542
A
1674-9308(2016)26-0109-03
10.3969/j.issn.1674-9308.2016.26.067
苏州大学附属第一医院心内科,江苏 苏州 215006