陈敬轶,贾会冲,李永杰,安 川,李 巍,刘四洪
(中国石化 华北油气分公司 勘探开发研究院,河南 郑州 450006)
鄂尔多斯盆地伊盟隆起上古生界天然气成因及气源
陈敬轶,贾会冲,李永杰,安川,李巍,刘四洪
(中国石化 华北油气分公司 勘探开发研究院,河南 郑州 450006)
鄂尔多斯盆地伊盟隆起上古生界天然气的成因及来源一直存在争议。通过天然气碳同位素和轻烃综合分析,δ13C2值普遍大于-25.4‰,烷烃气的碳同位素为正碳同位素系列,甲基环己烷指数(MCH)大于50%,具有煤成气的特征。伊盟隆起上古生界烃源岩以煤为主,什股壕地区煤层厚度较大,厚度为6~10 m,镜质体反射率(Ro)为0.8%~1.2%,烃源岩进入了大量生烃阶段,本区烃源岩对天然气近源成藏具有一定的贡献。伊盟隆起天然气甲烷含量平均为94.5%,高于十里加汗地区平均值91.2%;天然气δ13C1值也明显高于十里加汗地区,平均数值相差3‰。由此认为天然气侧向运移过程中发生了成分色层效应和碳同位素分馏作用,伊盟隆起上古生界部分天然气可能来自泊尔江海子断裂以南地区。
碳同位素;轻烃;气源;烃源岩;天然气;鄂尔多斯盆地
伊盟隆起位于鄂尔多斯盆地北部,东西向展布,北与河套地堑相邻,南以伊陕斜坡北部三眼井-泊尔江海子断裂为界,西起乌加庙,东至托克托。研究区位于勘探程度较高的伊盟隆起中部,为一北东向的单斜构造,局部断裂发育(图1),上古生界直接不整合覆盖于太古界结晶基底之上。自下而上发育石炭系太原组以及二叠系山西组、下石盒子组、上石盒子组和石千峰组等5套地层。主要含气层位为下石盒子组3段(盒3段)、盒2段、盒1段和山西组1段(山1段)。圈闭类型以岩性圈闭和岩性-构造圈闭为主。
伊盟隆起上古生界天然气来源主要存在两种不同的看法。有的学者认为伊盟隆起是一个继承性古隆起,流体势较低,是天然气运聚有利指向区[1-8],上古生界天然气来自于泊尔江海子断裂以南的乌审旗生气中心[1,7];另一种看法认为伊盟隆起发育烃源岩,生成的天然气可以近源成藏[9-10]。造成上述争议的原因是限于当时资料较少,不能对伊盟隆起开展较为系统的天然气地化特征研究。随着近年来勘探程度增加,烃源岩和天然气地化资料不断丰富,本文通过对比分析伊盟隆起与泊尔江海子断裂以南地区烃源岩、天然气地化特征,进一步明确了研究区天然气的成因及来源。
图1 鄂尔多斯盆地北部构造区划及研究区位置Fig.1 Tectonic divisions and location of the study area in the northern Ordos Basin
1.1天然气碳同位素特征
甲烷和乙烷碳同位素及其同系物碳同位素序列是判定天然气成因的重要指标[11-12]。戴金星对我国主要含油气盆地煤成气和油型气碳同位素进行了统计,煤成气δ13C1值主要分布在-10‰~-43‰,δ13C2值一般大于-27.5‰,烷烃气的碳同位素为正碳同位素系列,即δ13C1<δ13C2<δ13C3<δ13C4[11-13]。
研究区天然气甲烷和乙烷碳同位素分析表明,δ13C1值为-32.0‰~-34.4‰,平均值为-32.7‰,δ13C2值普遍大于-25.4‰,平均值为-24.8‰。与泊尔江海子断裂以南的十里加汗地区和大牛地气田天然气成因类似,明显具有煤成气的特征(图2),烷烃气的碳同位素值总体变化趋势为δ13C1<δ13C2<δ13C3<δ13C4(图3),也具有煤成气的特征。
图2 泊尔江海子断裂南、北甲烷和乙烷碳 同位素天然气成因判识Fig.2 Comparison of origins of methane and ethane carbon isotope of natural gas from the south and north of the Boerjianghaizi Fault
1.2轻烃特征
C7轻烃系列化合物中的甲基环己烷主要来自高等植物的木质素和纤维素等,各种构型的二甲基环戊烷和乙基环戊烷(ΣDMCC5)主要来自水生生物的类脂化合物,正庚烷(nC7)则主要来自藻类和细菌[13]。由此,胡惕麟提出用甲基环己烷指数以区分天然气成因,认为腐殖型母质生成的天然气甲基环己烷指数(MCH)大于50%,小于该值则为腐泥型母质所生天然气[14]。很多学者通过绘制MCH,ΣDMCC5和nC7相对含量的三角图区分腐植型油气和腐泥型油气(图4)[14-18]。研究区与泊尔江海子断裂以南的十里加汗地区天然气轻烃的MCH都大于50%,ΣDMCC5小于30%,应属于同一种成因天然气,为腐殖型气。
图3 泊尔江海子断裂南、北单体碳同位素分布特征Fig.3 Distribution characteristics of carbon isotope values of natural gas from the north and south of the Boerjianghaizi Fault
图4 泊尔江海子断裂南、北天然气C7轻烃组成三角图Fig.4 Triangular diagram of C7 light hydrocarbons of natural gas from the north and south of the Boerjianghaizi Fault
2.1烃源岩发育特征
研究区上古生界烃源岩主要以石炭系-二叠系煤岩为主,其次为暗色泥岩。源岩有机质类型与泊尔江海子断裂以南的十里加汗地区、大牛地气田相似,属于Ⅱ2-Ⅲ型源岩(图5),以生气为主。
研究区煤系烃源岩局部发育,主要分布在什股壕地区,厚度为6~10 m,锦4—锦13—石鄂2一带煤层缺失;太原组-山西组镜质体反射率(Ro)为0.8%~1.2%,烃源岩进入大量生气阶段,生气强度一般为(5~10)×108m3/km2,很明显对该地区天然气成藏有一定的贡献作用。泊尔江海子断裂以南十里加汗地区煤层厚度较大,厚度为10~20 m,Ro为1.2%~1.6%,成熟度相对较高,生气强度为(15~30)×108m3/km2。总体看来,研究区上古生界天然气资源潜力小于泊尔江海子断裂以南十里加汗地区。
2.2天然气组分特征
天然气在运移过程中会发生成分色层效应,由于甲烷等较轻组分的渗透运移速度较大,而粘土矿物对天然气中重烃组分具有较强的束缚能力[19-23]。所以,天然气经过长距离运移后,甲烷所占的比例逐渐增大,天然气相对密度变小。
对比分析研究区与泊尔江海子断裂以南十里加汗地区的70余个天然气组分样品数据表明,研究区天然气甲烷含量数值一般为92.4%~97.8%,平均值为94.5%,相对密度值一般低于0.63;十里加汗地区天然气甲烷含量平均值仅为91.2%,相对密度值一般高于0.63(图6)。总的来说,研究区天然气具有甲烷含量高、重烃含量低,相对密度值小的特征,可能是泊尔江海子断裂以南天然气向北运移过程中发生了成分色层效应。
2.3天然气成藏过程
早白垩世是伊盟隆起上古生界煤系地层的主要生气期[24],对该地区天然气近源成藏具有重要意义。由于伊盟隆起流体势较低,泊尔江海子断裂以南地区的天然气也可以通过厚层砂体、不整合面或断裂等优势运移通道,向北运移到伊盟隆起进行成藏[1-7,25]。
按照天然气碳同位素分馏特征[26-28],气藏中甲烷碳同位素容易分馏,而乙烷以上的重烃碳同位素几乎不发生分馏。也就是说,如果气藏中天然气散失,12CH4首先逸散。在经过长时间聚集—散失—聚集反复过程后,13CH4就会不断富集,δ13C1值就明显变大。
图5 泊尔江海子断裂南、北有机质类型对比分析Fig.5 Comparison of organic types between source rocks in the north and south of the Boerjianghaizi Fault
图6 泊尔江海子断裂南、北天然气甲烷含量(a)和相对密度(b)对比Fig.6 Comparison of methane content(a) and relative density(b) of natural gas from the north and south of the Boerjianghaizi Fault
伊盟隆起聚集的天然气δ13C1值明显高于泊尔江海子断裂以南的十里加汗地区和大牛地气田,平均值相差3‰,而δ13C2相差不大(图2),说明该地区天然气碳同位素发生了分馏作用。另外,伊盟隆起北部和东北部下白垩统露头和地层已发现大量的油(气)苗和油气显示[29],综合显示,该地区天然气具有侧向运移的特征。
1) 天然气碳同位素、轻烃特征表明,研究区上古生界天然气为煤成气。
2) 在烃源岩发育特征分析的基础上,对比泊尔江海子断裂南、北天然气组分、δ13C1值变化特征,研究区上古生界天然气有两种来源。一是本地烃源岩所生天然气;二是泊尔江海子断裂以南地区运移而来的天然气。
致谢:在论文研究过程中,勘探开发研究院副院长李良一直给予悉心指导,同事也给予了很多帮助;中国石化石油勘探开发研究院无锡分院对部分样品测试分析做了大量工作,在此一并表示感谢。
[1]李良,袁志祥,惠宽洋,等.鄂尔多斯盆地北部上古生界天然气聚集规律[J].石油与天然气地质,2000,21(3):268-271.
Li Liang,Yan Zhixiang,Xi Kuanyang,et al.Accumulation regularity of upper Paleozoic gas in north Ordos Basin[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2000,21(3):268-271.
[2]常兴浩,宋凯.什股壕地区上古生界气藏类型再认识及其意义[J].天然气工业,2013,33(10):25-31.
Chang Xinghao,Song Kai.Recognition of Paleozoic gas reservoir types in the Shiguhao region of the northern Ordos Basin and its significance[J].Natural Gas Industry,2013,33(10):25-31.
[3]薛会,王毅,徐波.鄂尔多斯盆地杭锦旗探区上古生界天然气成藏机理[J].石油实验地质,2009,31(6):551-562.
Xue Hui,Wang Yi,Xu Bo.Accumulation mechanism of natural gas in upper Paleozoic,Hangjinqi block,north Ordos Basin[J].Petroleum Geology & Experiment,2009,31(6):551-562.
[4]韩会平,武春英,季海琨,等.苏里格南部地区上古生界天然气成藏条件及勘探潜力[J].油气地质与采收率,2014,21(4):33-36.
Han Huiping, Wu Chunying, Ji Haikun,et al. Reservoir-forming conditions and exploration potential of natural gas in the upper Paleozoic, southern area of Sulige[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2014,21(4):33-36.
[5]孙长青,荣发准,赵克斌.鄂尔多斯盆地杭锦旗地区油气地球化学特征研究[J].天然气地球科学,2010,21(5):715-719.
Sun Changqing,Rong Fazhun,Zhao Kebin.Geochemical characteristics of oil and gas in Hangjinqi area,Ordos Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2010,21(5):715-719.
[6]李艳霞,赵靖舟,刘新社,等.鄂尔多斯盆地东部上古生界不同含气组合天然气地球化学特征[J].石油实验地质,2012,34(1):71-77.
Li Yanxia, Zhao Jinzhou, Liu Xinshe,et al. Geochemical characteristics of natural gas of different gas bearing assemblages in Upper Paleozoic,eastern Ordos Basin[J].Petroleum Geology & Experiment,2012,34(1):71-77.
[7]王明健,何登发,包洪平,等.鄂尔多斯盆地伊盟隆起上古生界天然气成藏[J].石油勘探与开发,2011,38(1):30-39.
Wang Mingjian,He Dengfa,Bao Hongping,et al.Upper palaeozoic gas accumulations of the Yimeng uplift,Ordos Basin[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2011,38(1):30-39.
[8]李潍莲,纪文明,刘震.鄂尔多斯盆地北部泊尔江海子断裂对上古生界天然气成藏的控制[J].现代地质,2015,29(3):584-590.
Li Weilian,Ji Wenming,Liu Zhen.Control of Boerjianghaizi fault on gas accumulation of Upper Paleozoic in Northern Ordos Basin[J].Geoscience,2015,29(3):584-590.
[9]纪文明,李潍莲,刘震,等.鄂尔多斯盆地北部杭锦旗地区上古生界气源岩分析[J].天然气地球科学,2013,24(5):905-913.
Ji Wenming,Li Weilian,Liu Zhen,et al.Research on the upper Paleozoic gas source of the Hangjinqi block in the northern Ordos Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2013,24(5):905-913.
[10]薛会,张金川,徐波,等.鄂尔多斯北部杭锦旗探区上古生界烃源岩评价[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2010,37(1):21-28.
Xue Hui,Zhang Jinchuan,Xu Bo,et al.Evaluation of Upper Paleozoic source rocks of the Hangjinqi block in the northern Ordos Basin[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Scienc& Technolongy Edition),2010,37(1):21-28.
[11]戴金星.各类烷烃气的鉴别[J].中国科学(B辑),1992,(2):185-193.
Dai Jinxing.Identification and distinction of various alkanegases[J].Scinece in China(Series B),1992,(2):185-193.
[12]戴金星,夏新宇,秦胜飞,等.中国有机烷烃气碳同位素系列倒转的成因[J].石油与天然气地质,2003,24(1):1-6.
Dai Jinxing,Xia Xinyu,Qin Shengfei,et al.Causation of partly reversed Ordos ofδ13C in biogenic alkane gas in China[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2003,24(1):1-6.
[13]Thompson K F M.Classification and thermal history of petroleum based on light hydrocarbons[J].Geochemical et Cosmochimica Acta,1983,47(2):303-316.
[14]胡惕麟,戈葆雄,张义纲,等.源岩吸附烃和天然气轻烃指纹参数的开发和应用[J].石油实验地质,1990,12(4):375-393.
Hu Tilin,Ge Baoxiong,Zhang Yigang,et al.The development and application of fingerprint parameters for hydrocarbons absorbed by source rocks and light hydrocarbon in natural gas[J].Experimental Petroleum Geology,1990,12(4):375-393.
[15]胡国艺,李剑,李谨,等.判识天然气成因的轻烃指标探讨[J].中国科学(D辑),2007,37(增刊Ⅱ):111-117.
Hu Guoyi,Li Jian,Li Jin,et al.Study on the origin identification of natural gas by the parameters of light hydrocarbon[J].Science in China(Series D),2007,37(SupplementⅡ):111-117.
[16]胡国艺,李谨,李志生,等.煤成气轻烃组分和碳同位素分布特征与天然气勘探[J].石油学报,2010,31(1):42-47.
Hu Guoyi,Li Jin,Li Zhisheng,et al.Composition and carbon isotopic distribution characteristics of light hydrocarbon in coal-derived gas and natural gas exploration[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2010,31(1):42-47.
[17]陈践发,苗忠英,张晨,等.塔里木盆地塔北隆起天然气轻烃地球化学特征及应用[J].石油与天然气地质,2010,31(3):271-276.
Chen Jianfa,Miao Zhongying,Zhang Zhen,et al.Geochemical characteristics of light hydrocarbons in natural gas in the Tabei Uplift of the Tarim Basin and their implications[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2010,31(3):271-276.
[18]Mango F D.The origin of light cycloalkanes in petroleum[J].Geochem Cosmochim Acta,1990,54:23-27.
[19]史基安,卢龙飞,王金鹏,等.天然气运移物理模拟实验及其结果[J].天然气工业,2004,24(12):32-34.
Shi Jian,Lu Longfei,Wang Jinpeng,et al.Physical modeling tests and results of natural gas migration[J].Natural Gas Industry,2004,24(12):32-34.
[20]石鸿翠,江晨曦,孙美静,等.鄂尔多斯盆地南部上古生界泥岩盖层封闭性能评价[J].油气地质与采收率,2015,22(2):9-16.
Shi Hongcui,Jiang Chenxi,Sun Meijing,et al. Sealing capability assessment of mudstone caprock in the Upper Paleozoic,south Ordos Basin[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2015,22(2):9-16.
[21]郭少斌,赵可英.鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界泥页岩储层含气性影响因素及储层评价[J].石油实验地质,2014,36(6):678-683.
Guo Shaobin, Zhao Keying.Gas-bearing influential factors and estimation of shale reservoirs in Upper Paleozoic,Ordos Basin[J].Petroleum Geology & Experiment,2014,36(6):678-683.
[22]林会喜,程付启,金强.天然气组分、同位素分馏机理及实例分析[J].天然气地球科学,2011,22(2):195-200.
Lin Huixi,Cheng Fuqi,Jin Qiang.Fractionation mechanism of natural gas components and isotopic compositions and sample analysis[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2011,22(2):195-200.
[23]Prinzhofer A,Mello M R,Takaki T.Geochemical characterization of natural gas:A physical multivariable approach and its applications in maturity and migration estimates[J].AAPG Bulletin,2000,84(8):1152-1172.
[24]任战利,张盛,高胜利,等.伊盟隆起东胜地区热演化史与多种能源矿产的关系[J].石油与天然气地质,2006,27(2):187-193.
Ren Zhanli,Zhang Sheng,Gao Shengli,et al.Relationship between thermal history and various energy mineral deposits in Dongsheng area,Yimeng uplift[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2006,27(2):187-193.
[25]王飞龙.鄂尔多斯盆地杭锦旗地区上古生界古水动力体系与油气运移成藏[D].西安:西北大学,2007.
Wang Feilong.Study on the palaeodrodynamic system and hydrocarbon migration and accumulation of Upper Paleozoic in the region of Hangjinqi in Ordos Basin[D].Xian:Northwest university,2007.
[26]史基安,卢龙飞,王金鹏,等.天然气运移物理模拟实验及其结果[J].天然气工业,2004,24(12):32-34.
Shi Jian,Lu Longfei,Wang Jinpeng,et al.Physical modeling tests and results of natural gas migration[J].Natural Gas Industry,2004,24(12):32-34
[27]Prinzhofer A A,Pernaton E.Isotopically light methane in natural gas:Bacterial imprint or diffusive fractionation[J].Chemical Geology,1997,142:193-200.
[28]李剑,刘朝露,李志生,等.天然气组分及其碳同位素扩散分馏作用模拟实验研究[J].天然气地球科学,2003,14(6):463-468.
Li Jian,Liu Chaolu,Li Zhisheng,et al.Experiment investigation on the carbon isotope and composition fractionation of methane during gas migration by diffusion[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2003,14(6):463-468.
[29]刘友民.陕甘宁盆地北缘乌兰格尔地区白垩系油苗成因及意义[J].石油勘探与开发,1982,(3):39-42.
Liu Youmin.Some notes about the oil seepage in Wulanger area,northern Shanganning Basin[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,1982,(3):39-42.
(编辑张玉银)
Origin and source of natural gas in the Upper Paleozoic of the Yimeng Uplift,Ordos Basin
Chen Jingyi,Jia Huichong,Li Yongjie,An Chuan,Li Wei,Liu Sihong
(ExplorationandDevelopmentResearchInstitute,SINOPECNorthChinaCompany,Zhengzhou,Henan450006,China)
No consensus has been reached on the origin and source of natural gas in the Upper Paleozoic of Yimeng Uplift,Ordos Basin.Based on a comprehensive analysis of carbon isotope and light hydrocarbon,the δ13C2values are gene-rally more than -25.4‰,alkane carbon isotope values change in normal order and the relative content of methylcyclohexane is more than 50%,which show that natural gas is coal-derived gas.The Upper Paleozoic source rocks in Yimeng Uplift are dominated by coals.In Shiguhao area,the thickness of coalbeds ranges from 6 to 10 m.The source rocks with a vitrinite reflectance from 0.8% to 1.2% reached the major stage of hydrocarbon generation.So the local source rocks have an important contribution to near-source gas accumulation.Average methane content of Yimeng Uplift is 94.5%,which is higher than that of Shilijiahan area (91.2%); δ13C value was alos significantly heavier than that of Shilijiah area with the difference value of 3‰.It is believed that component differentiation and carbon isotope fractionation occurred in natural gas migration process.So some natural gas in the Upper Paleozoic of Yimeng Uplift may come from the south of Boerjianghaizi fault.
carbon isotope,light hydrocarbon,gas source,source rock,natural gas,Ordos Basin
2015-09-12;
2015-12-15。
陈敬轶(1980—),男,高级工程师,石油天然气地质。E-mail:jingyichen@163.com。
国家科技重大专项(2011ZX05002);中石化科技项目(P13109)。
0253-9985(2016)02-0205-05
10.11743/ogg20160208
TE122.1
A