老哈河流域朝阳境内降雨特性分析

潘雪松

（辽宁省朝阳水文局，辽宁朝阳122000）



老哈河流域朝阳境内降雨特性分析

潘雪松

（辽宁省朝阳水文局，辽宁朝阳122000）

［摘 要］选取朝阳地区老哈河流域上4个常年观测的雨量站1983—2014年的降雨资料进行数据统计，分析流域降雨的空间分布特点、年内年际变化规律及近年来变化特征，为该地区的工农业发展和水资源的合理开发利用及防洪抗旱提供数据支持。

［关键词］老哈河；降雨；特性；分析

1　概　况

老哈河是西辽河上游的一个重要支流，它发源于河北省平泉县的七老图山脉光头山。由发源地向东北流，经内蒙古自治区宁城县天义镇西北，在四家子穿锦赤铁路大桥后，向北绵延，经过建平县的8个乡镇，然后调头东北，在内蒙古自治区赤峰市的大兴农场海大吐附近与西拉木伦河交汇，形成西辽河。在建平县哈拉道口镇流出朝阳辖区，老哈河在朝阳境内的流域面积为3 494 km2，占朝阳市面积的17.8%，朝阳境内河长100 km。100 km2以上的河流有12条，较大的支流有蹦河、海棠河、三家河、黑水河和四汉城河。

老哈河流域属温带半湿润季风性气候区，四季分明，春季少雨多风，夏季高温多雨，秋季天高气爽，冬季寒冷干燥。多年平均降水量为429.3 mm，年内分配极不均匀，主要集中在7—8月，时空降水量分布不均，多为短历时局部暴雨，大暴雨历时一般为1～2 d，最短的仅几个小时到十几个小时，形成暴雨的天气系统主要是华北气旋、台风及低压冷风。

建平县北部因地势高，又处于努鲁尔虎山脉西北部坡地，年平均气温为5.5℃。

2　数据的选取及采用的分析方法

在老哈河流域建有沙海、白家洼、白山水库、小五家、房身、马厂、烧锅营子等多处雨量站，从常年观测的站中选取沙海、白山水库、房身、烧锅营子4个站1983—2014年共32年的各月降雨数据作为基础，计算出每个站的月平均、年平均及流域多年平均降雨量，然后按流域的上、中、下游对相同时段的降雨资料进行年内、年际及整个流域降水的变化特征进行比较分析。

2.1流域年内降雨量分配

根据各站的实测资料，绘制多年平均降水量在各月的分布情况图（图1）。

图1　降雨年内分配图

从图1中可以得到：该流域多年平均年降雨量为421.2 mm，而5—8月的降雨量就达到了319.5 mm，占全年降雨量的75.9%；1—4月份的降雨量为30.6 mm，仅占全年降雨量的7.3%；9—12月的降水量为71.1 mm，占全年降雨量的16.8%。降雨主要集中在6—8月，年内降雨呈单峰型分布。而3—5月的降雨量是10—12月的2.3倍，这主要是由于朝阳地区的冬季降雪较少，土壤墒情较差，为保证春耕气象部门在春季播种时常常进行人工增雨造成的。

2.2上、中、下游降雨特征分析

根据所选雨量站的地理位置不同把4个雨量站分为上、中、下游。其中沙海位于上游，白山水库、房身位于中游，烧锅营子位于下游。根据实测资料绘制流域上中下游降雨量对照图（图2）。

图2　上、中、下游降雨量对照图

分析图2可知，由于这些雨量站同处一个流域，降雨量的变化趋势基本一致，多年平均降雨量上游439.5 mm，中游413.5 mm，下游418.7 mm，上中下游差别不大。同时降雨极大值与较小值都出在上游，说明上游雨量变化的幅度大于中下游，而中游降雨的变化幅度最小。

2.3多年平均降雨量变化分析

计算出各站多年平均降雨量，绘制降雨量年际分布变化图（图3）。

图3　年平均降雨量分布图

老哈河流域朝阳境内的降雨量周期变化明显，高峰和低谷突出，但周期的长短不一，大致5—8年为一个周期 。流域多年平均降雨量为421.2 mm，最大值出现在1994年，为612.2 mm，最小的值出现在2000年，为284.7 mm。降雨量年际分布具有不均匀性，变化较大，极值比为2.15，2000年以后的变化幅度比2000年以前有所减小。

在降雨量累积距平曲线图（图4）中，上升表示雨量增加，下降表示雨量减少。曲线的强度反映水量的丰枯强度。从图4中可以看出，流域的降雨量总体的变化趋势是少-多-少。整个曲线呈明显的单峰型，1994年之前降雨量基本上是在逐年增加，只在1988和1989两年间有所减少，但减少的幅度不大，之后又连续多年上升，到1994年达到峰值，为32年中的最大值；峰值过后雨量逐年递减至今，近22年以来只有4年雨量稍有增加且增量很小。

图4　降雨量累积距平曲线图

3　结语

对老哈河流域朝阳境内的降雨特征进行分析，了解该流域降雨量上游大于中下游，而中游雨量变化幅度最小、降雨量变化5～8年为一个周期、年内降雨集中在6—8月间等特点，可以为老哈河流域朝阳地区的工业生产，农村耕种的农事安排、水情预报，防汛抗旱及水资源的合理利用分配开发以及为地下水资源的长远规划提供合理、可靠的理论依据，为朝阳地区的发展和科学管理提供有力的技术支持。

［参考文献］

［1］王文.朝阳市近60年降水变化特性分析［J］.吉林水利，2012（4）.

［2］朝阳市水资源［M］.沈阳：辽宁大学出版社，2008，12.

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［Key words］earth-rock dam；deformation calculation；finite element；ANSYSsoftware；distortion

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［中图分类号］TV125；P332.1

［文献标识码］B

［文章编号］1002—0624（2016）07—0040—01

［收稿日期］2016-01-23

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