海绵城市



海绵城市

·编者按·

水资源短缺，水环境污染，地下水位下降，城市内涝频发，水生态破坏等水安全问题是我国目前面临的一个重要发展问题。城市雨洪灾害和水污染管理是制约我国城市生态发展的核心问题之一，其产生原因是城市地表不透水面积比例的急剧增大、雨水下渗量减少、地表径流增加及市政排水系统的负荷的加重。此外，初期雨水中的污染物直接排入水体，使受纳水体的水质受到了极大的威胁。面对城市化进程中城市内涝和雨水非点源污染问题，国内外开始实践新型雨洪管理方法。

2012年4月，在《2012低碳城市与区域发展科技论坛》中，首次提出针对城市生态雨洪管理的“海绵城市”概念。2013年12月12日，习近平总书记在《中央城镇化工作会议》的讲话中强调：“提升城市排水系统时要优先考虑把有限的雨水留下来，优先考虑更多利用自然力量排水，建设自然存积、自然渗透、自然净化的海绵城市。”

“海绵城市”设计理念是将城市比作海绵，下雨时吸水、蓄水、渗水、净水，需要时将蓄存的水“释放”并加以利用，提高城市面对自然灾害和环境变化时的适应力。美国提出了低影响开发 LID（Low Impact Development）和最佳管理措施BMPs（Best Management Practices），澳大利亚发展水敏感性城市设计 WSUD （Water Sensitive Urban Design），新西兰则采用低影响城市设计与开发LIUDD（Low Impact Urban Design and Development），2014年10月我国颁布了《海绵城市建设技术指南——低影响开发雨水系统构建（试行）》。为此，结合国内外在城市雨洪管理等方面取得的理论成果及实践经验，以自然积存、自然渗透、自然净化为目标的“海绵城市”理论得以应用和发展。海绵城市建设尽管在我国已经起步，但是建设海绵城市还是一个长期的过程，需要在当前实践经验上，长时间的积极探索，才能日趋完善。

本专题得到张林教授（浙江大学）的大力支持。

·热点数据排行·

截至2016年5月23日，中国知网（CNKI）和Web of Science（WOS）的数据报告显示，以“海绵城市”“城市雨洪管理”“雨水系统开发构建”“雨水利用”为词条可以检索到的期刊文献分别为656条与3995条，本专题将相关数据按照：研究机构发文数、作者发文数、期刊发文数、被引用频次进行排行，结果如下。

研究机构发文数量排名（CNKI）

研究机构发文数量排名（WOS）

作者发文数量排名（CNKI）

作者发文数量排名（WOS）

作者发文数量排名（CNKI）（续表）

作者发文数量排名（WOS）（续表）

期刊发文数量排名（CNKI）

期刊发文数量排名（WOS）

根据中国知网（CNKI）数据报告，以“海绵城市”“城市雨洪管理”“雨水系统开发”“雨水利用”为词条可以检索到的高被引论文排行结果如下。

国内数据库高被引论文排行

根据Web of Science统计数据，以“海绵城市”“城市雨洪管理”“雨水系统开发”“雨水利用”为词条可以检索到的高被引论文排行结果如下。

国外数据库高被引论文排行

·经典文献推荐·

基于Web of Science检索结果，利用Histcite软件选取LCS（Local Citation Score，本地引用次数）TOP50文献作为节点进行分析，得到本领域推荐的经典文献如下。

本领域经典文献

来源出版物：Water Air and Soil Pollution， 2007， 186（1-4）：351-363

Urbanization of aquatic systems: Degradation thresholds， stormwater detection，and the limits of mitigation

Booth， DB； Jackson， CR

Abstract: Urbanization of a watershed degrades both the form and the function of the downstream aquatic system，causing changes that can occur rapidly and are very difficult to avoid or correct. A variety of physical data from lowland streams in western Washington displays the onset of readily observable aq uatic-system d egradation at a remarkably consistent level of development， typically about ten percent effective impervious area in a watershed. Even lower levels of u rban de velopment c ause significant d egradation in sensitive water bodies and a reduced， bu t less well quantified， level of f unction throughout th e s ystem as a whole. Unfortunately， e stablished m ethods of m itigating the downstream impacts of urban development may have only limited e ffectiveness. U sing continuous h ydrologic modeling we have evaluated detention ponds designed by conventional e vent m ethodologies， a nd our findings demonstrate serious deficiencies in actual pond performance when compared to their design go als. Even with best e fforts at m itigation， t he s heer m agnitude of development activities falling below a level of regulatory concern s uggests t hat i ncreased r esource l ass will invariably a ccompany d evelopment o f a w atershed. Without a better understanding of the critical processes that lead to degradation， s ome dow nstream aquatic-system damage is probably inevitable without limiting the extent of watershed development itself.

Keywords: stormwater management； urban hydrology；hydrograph analysis and modeling

来源出版物：Journal of the American Water Resources Association， 1997， 33（5）： 1077-1090

Bioretention technology: Overview of current practice and future needs

Davis， Allen P； Hunt， William F； Traver， Robert G； et al.

Abstract: Bioretention， or variations such as bioinfiltration and rain gardens， has become one of the most frequently used storm-water management tools in urbanized watersheds. Incorporating both filtration and infiltration， initial research into bioretention has shown that these facilities substantially reduce runoff volumes and peak f lows. L ow impact development， w hich h as a go al of modifying po st development hydrology t o m ore closely m imic tha t of predevelopment， is a driver for the use of bioretention in many parts of the country. Research over the past decade has s hown t hat bioretention e ffluent l oads are l ow f or suspended s olids， nu trients， h ydrocarbons， and h eavy metals. Pollutant r emoval m echanisms include f iltration，adsorption， a nd pos sibly b iological treatment. L imited research suggests that bioretention can effectively manage other pollutants， such as pathogenic bacteria and thermal pollution， as well. Reductions in pollutant load result from the combination o f concentration r eduction a nd runoff volume attenuation， li nking w ater quality a nd hydrologic performance. N onetheless， m any design questions p ersist for t his practice， such a s m aximum pooling bow l d epth，minimum f ill m edia depth， fill m edia c omposition and configuration， underdrain configuration， pretreatment options，and vegetation selection. Moreover， the exact nature and impact of bioretention maintenance is still evolving， which will d ictate long-term performance an d l ife-cycle co sts. Bioretention usage will grow as design guidance matures as a result of continued research and application.

来源出版物： Journal of Environmental Engineering-ASCE，2009， 135 （3）： 109-117

Comparison of stormwater lag times for low impact and traditional residential development

Hood， Mark J.； Clausen， John C； Warner， Glenn S

Abstract: This study compared lag time characteristics of low impact r esidential d evelopment w ith traditional residential de velopment. A lso compared w ere runoff volume， pe ak d ischarge， h ydrograph kur tosis， r unoff coefficient， and runoff threshold. Low impact development （LID） had a s ignificantly g reater centroid l ag-to-peak，centroid lag， lag-to-peak， and peak lag-to-peak times than traditional de velopment. T raditional de velopment h ad a significantly gr eater de pth of d ischarge and runoff coefficient than LID. The peak discharge in runoff from the traditional development was 1，100% greater than from the LID. The runoff threshold of the LID （6.0 mm） was 100% greater t han t he t raditional development （3.0 m m）. The hydrograph shape f or the L ID w atershed had a ne gative value of kurtosis indicating a leptokurtic distribution， while traditional de velopment ha d a po sitive v alue of kur tosis indicating a platykurtic distribution. The lag times of the LID w ere s ignificantly g reater than the traditional watershed f or small （＜ 25.4 mm） but no t large （≥25.4 mm） storms； short duration （＜ 4 h） but not long duration（≥4 h） s torms； and low a ntecedent moisture condition （AMC； ＜ 25.4 mm） storms but not high AMC （≥25.4 mm）storms. T his s tudy i ndicates t hat L ID r esulted i n l owered peak di scharge de pth， r unoff c oefficient， a nd discharge volume a nd i ncreased l ag tim es and r unoff t hreshold compared with traditional residential development.

Keywords: hydrograph analysis； stormwater runoff； urban hydrology； stormwater management； low impact development； watershed management

来源出版物：Journal of the American Water Resources Association， 2007， 43（4）： 1036-1046

Effectiveness of low impact development practices: Literature review and suggestions for future research

Ahiablame， Laurent M； Engel， Bernard A；Chaubey， Indrajeet； et al.

Abstract: Low impact development （LID） i s a l and development s trategy f or m anaging s tormwater at the source with decentralized micro-scale control measures. Since the emergence of LID practices， they have been successfully used to manage stormwater runoff， improve water quality，and pr otect the environment. H owever， discussions s till surround the e ffectiveness o f many of t hese p ractices，resulting in a reluctance to widely adopt them. This paper highlights evidence in the literature regarding the beneficial uses of LID practices. A discussion of how LID practices are represented in hydrologic/water quality models is also provided using illustrative examples of three computational models developed with algorithms and modules to support widespread adoption of LID practices. Finally， the paper suggests directions for future research opportunities.

Keywords: modeling； diffuse p ollution； ur ban w ater planning； environmental impact； runoff； water quality

来源出版物： Water Air and Soil Pollution， 2012， 223 （7）：4253-4273

Low impact development practices: A review of current research and recommendations for future directions

Dietz， Michael E

The l ow im pact development （LID） a pproach has be en recommended as an al ternative t o t raditional stormwater design. R esearch o n i ndividual L ID p ractices such as bi oretention， pervious pa vements， and gr assed swales has increased in recent years. Bioretention cells have been e ffective i n r etaining large v olumes of r unoff a nd pollutants on site， and consistently reduced concentrations of certain p ollutants s uch a s metals. H owever， retention o f certain p ollutants such as n itrate-nitrogen a nd phosphorus has been problematic. Porous pavements have been extremely effective i n i nfiltrating s tormwater r unoff. Co ncerns h ave been raised about groundwater contamination， but research has shown that this is not a problem in most settings. Green roofs have been found to retain a large percentage of rainfall （63% on average） in a variety of climates. A common thread across b ioretention， gr een r oofs a nd gr assed swales w as found： the export of phosphorus. The issue appears to be linked t o high phosphorus le vels i n t he soil media， o r possibly to fertilization of turf or planted areas. Solutions to this pr oblem have be en r ecommended. C ontrary t o popular belief， r esearch has s hown t hat bioretention a nd pervious pavements continue to infiltrate even with frost in the gr ound. A lthough issues h ave be en identified w ith retention of certain pollutants， the LID approach has been found to r esult in increased r etention o f s tormwater and pollutants on s ite， mimicking pre-development hydrologic function. Future research needs have also been identified.

bioretention； green roof； low impact development； pervious pavement