2.2 不同贮藏条件下不同组织柠檬苦素含量变化
图2显示,柠檬苦素主要分布在种子和外果皮中,囊衣次之,汁胞和中果皮中含量最少。采摘时柠檬苦素在种子、外果皮、囊衣、中果皮和汁胞中的含量分别为(1470.04 ± 59.94)、(685.69 ± 30.90)、(121.51 ± 1.07)、(35.08 ± 3.05)和(6.13 ± 0.16) μg·g-1。贮藏过程中,各处理果实中果皮和种子的柠檬苦素含量逐渐下降,在种子中,经4 ℃低温贮藏的果实柠檬苦素含量最低,下降速度最快,而在中果皮不同贮藏条件差异不明显。各处理果实外果皮和汁胞中柠檬苦素含量在贮藏第30天,上升达到最高峰,随后急剧下降然后缓慢下降,汁胞中柠檬苦素含量以4 ℃低温不包薄膜袋贮藏最高,室温不包膜贮藏最低。贮藏第30天A、B、C 3种不同贮藏条件汁胞中柠檬苦素含量分别为(47.28 ± 1.91)、(33.64 ± 1.90)和(84.19 ± 5.56) μg·g-1。
2.3 不同贮藏条件下不同组织诺米林含量变化
诺米林主要分布在种子中,外果皮和囊衣次之,汁胞和中果皮中含量最少。采摘时诺米林在种子、外果皮、中果皮、囊衣和汁胞中的含量分别为(1 673.88 ± 0.21)、(140.91 ± 3.50)、(40.2 ± 2.87)、(358.27 ± 12.20)和(22.57 ± 0.35) μg·g-1。贮藏过程中,囊衣和种子中诺米林含量逐渐下降,且4 ℃低温不包薄膜袋贮藏果实含量最低。外果皮和中果皮中诺米林含量在贮藏过程中先下降后上升然后再下降,在中果皮中,室温不包薄膜袋果实诺米林含量最高,外果皮中各处理间差异不显著。汁胞中诺米林含量在贮藏第30天达到最大值然后下降,以室温包薄膜袋贮藏的果实诺米林含量最高。在贮藏第30天,3种不同贮藏方式汁胞中诺米林含量分别为(68.29 ± 3.60)、(54.71 ± 1.82)和(53.49 ± 2.13) μg·g-1。
3讨论
柑橘类果实中主要含有两类苦味物质,一类是黄酮类化合物,以柚皮苷为主。在柑橘果实生长发育过程中,柚皮苷的含量变化随着果实成熟度的增加呈现先升高后下降的趋势且在果实中的分布也极为不均匀(Sun et al, 2005)。沙田柚成熟果实苦味物质主要以柚皮苷为主,主要分布在中果皮和囊衣中,汁胞中含量最少,这与Sun et al(2005)的结果一致。在贮藏过程中各组织柚皮苷含量起伏波动并逐渐上升,说明柚皮苷等黄酮类化合物可能具有采后合成特性。三种贮藏方式相比,在贮藏后期,经4 ℃低温贮藏的果实其外果皮、中果皮和囊衣中柚皮苷含量最低,这可能因为低温抑制了柚皮苷的采后合成。而在果实汁胞中,经4 ℃低温贮藏的果实柚皮苷含量上升速度最快,室温包膜的果实上升速度最慢,这可能与植物自身的防御反应为提高生物抗氧化性有关,且环境条件变化越明显其合成速度越快,具体作用机制需要进一步研究。
柑橘类果实中另一类苦味物质是柠檬苦素类化合物,以柠檬苦素和诺米林等为主(眭顺照等,2008)。柠檬苦素类化合物的产生是以角鲨烯为起始物,在植物体内通过三萜的生物合成途径合成。首先在茎部的筛管中经醋酸和甲羟戊酸合成柠檬苦素类似物的最初前体物质诺米林,再向叶、果实和种子转运(Nakatani, 2001),诺米林经过柠檬苦素群、宜昌根辛群、卡拉敏群以及醋酸酯类柠檬苦素类似物群4个合成途径最终形成柠檬苦素类化合物(蔡护华和桥永文男,1996)。本研究表明,在成熟沙田柚果实中柠檬苦素和诺米林主要存在种子中,汁胞中含量最低,在贮藏过程中各组织柠檬苦素含量呈现下降趋势。但柠檬苦素在水溶液中的苦味阈值约为6 mg·kg-1,比柚皮苷的苦味强度高20倍(Kuroyanagi et al, 2008),因此柠檬苦素可能是影响沙田柚口感最主要的苦味成分。
本研究在贮藏第1~30天各处理果实汁胞中柠檬苦素含量急剧上升然后下降,且低温贮藏的果实汁胞中柠檬苦素含量高于室温包膜和不包膜的果实。柑橘果实中存在少量柠檬苦素,但却存在大量的柠檬苦素前体物质-柠檬苦素A环内酯(Breksa et al, 2005),当果实受到迫害时,果汁细胞的细胞质隔膜中的柠檬苦素A环内酯暴露在酸性果汁环境中,同时在柠檬苦素D环内酯水解酶作用下快速转变成柠檬苦素(蔡护华和桥永文男,1996)。因此贮藏前期柠檬苦素含量的增加可能因为果实在离开树体后为适应环境变化进行自身调节,在柠檬苦素D环内酯水解酶作用下合成柠檬苦素,且4 ℃低温胁迫更能促进柠檬苦素合成与转化,这与丁帆(2010)研究一致。而汁胞中诺米林含量以4 ℃低温贮藏的果实最低,可能因为低温环境促进了诺米林作为合成前体向柠檬苦素类似物进行转化。
王壮(2011)研究了不同地理位置柑橘果实柠檬苦素和诺米林的含量,结果表明其主要受温度影响,柠檬苦素含量随温度的升高呈下降趋势,而诺米林则呈上升的变化趋势,这与我们的研究不一致,这可能因为果实在发育和采后过程中苦味物质的作用机制不同。而在外果皮、囊衣和种子中,经4 ℃低温贮藏的果实柚皮苷和柠檬苦素含量低于室温贮藏,与汁胞中不一致,这可能因为组织中含水量和酸碱度不同,汁胞在环境胁迫下反应更明显,而在其他组织存在着胁迫条件下苦味物质的合成与自然衰老过程中物质降解的一个平衡,也可能存在组织间物质转运,具体原因需要进一步研究。
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Effects of different storage conditions on changes of bitter substance of “Shatian” Pomelo
LIU Ping1,2, HUANG Chun-Xia1,2, DENG Guang-Zhou1,2*, FAN Qi-Jun1,2, NIU Ying1,2
( 1.GuangxiAcademyofSpecialtyCrops, Guilin 541004, China; 2.GuangxiKeyLaboratoryofCitrusBiology, Guilin 541004, China )
Abstract:The “Shatian” Pomelo (Citrus grandis Osbeck) was native to Guangxi, rich in nutrition and for hypertension and diabetes patients to eat. In recent years, there were many problems in the industry, such as quality decreased, smell and bitter generated. The “Shatian” Pomelo were stored under ambient temperature with film (A), ambient temperature without film (B) and 4 ℃ without film (C). Naringin, limonin and nomilin contents in different sues of fruits were determined during storage by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that Naringin as main bittering substance of Shatian” Pomelo was distributed in the albedos and segment membranes. Limonoids mainly distributed in the seeds and flavedos, and nomilin mainly distributed in the seeds. Changes of bittering substance contents were different during storage under three storage conditions. The naringin content slightly increased during storage, while limonin and nomilin contents declined overall with a minor fluctuation. The contents of limonin and nomilin in juice sac increased firstly and then decreased. On the 30th day of storage, A, B and C storage conditions of naringin contents in juice sacs were (0.139 ± 0.006), (0.190 ± 0.009) and (0.194 ± 0.019) mg·g-1respectively and limonin contents were (47.28 ± 1.91), (33.64 ± 1.90) and (84.19 ± 5.56) μg·g-1respectively. Comparing with the A and B storage conditions, the contents of naringin and limonin of fruit juice sac under 4 ℃ low temperature storage (C storage conditions) were the highest. On the contrary, the contents of naringin, limonin and nomilin in flavedos, albedos, segment membranes and seeds were the lowest under C storage condition. This study provides theoretical guides for storage of postharvest “Shatian” Pomelo.
Key words:“Shatian” Pomelo, postharvest storge, HPLC(high-performance liquid chromatography), naringin, limonin, nomilin
DOI:10.11931/guihaia.gxzw201409034
收稿日期:2014-09-16修回日期:2015-03-23
基金项目:广西自然科学基金(2012GXNSFAA053040);国家现代农业产业技术体系广西创新团队建设专项(桂农业发〔2011〕33号);广西科学研究与技术开发计划项目(桂科能1347013-9;桂科能14123006-31)[Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi (2012GXNSFAA053040); Guangxi Special Fund for Innovation Team Construction of the National System of Modern Agricultural Technology (〔2011〕33号)]; Scientific Research and Technology Development Project of Guangxi(1347013-9;14123006-31)。
作者简介:刘萍(1983-),女,山西左权人,硕士,助理研究员,从事采后生物技术与研究工作,(E-mail)liupingsmile@126.com。 *通讯作者:邓光宙,高级农艺师,从事柑橘品种选育及柑橘无病苗繁育研究工作,(E-mail)dgz66@126.com。
中图分类号:Q945
文献标识码:A
文章编号:1000-3142(2016)06-0658-05
刘萍,黄春霞,邓光宙,等. 不同贮藏条件对沙田柚果实苦味物质含量的影响[J]. 广西植物, 2016, 36(6):658-662
LIU P,HUANG CX,DENG GZ,et al. Effects of different storage conditions on changes of bitter substance of “Shatian” Pomelo[J]. Guihaia, 2016, 36(6):658-662