大规模高效液流电池储能技术的基础研究

张华民　李先锋　刘素琴　严川伟　曹高萍

摘 要：该研究在前期工作基础之上，继续对大规模高效液流电池反应机理、材料的构效关系、材料的组分设计与制备方法、发电、储电、电能变换、用电多体系的系统耦合和综合能量管理控制策略等基础科学理论展开研究，取系列重要研究成果：在膜材料研究方面，突破了传统的“离子交换传递”机理的束缚，完善了原创性的“离子筛分传导”概念，设计合成出不含离子交换膜基团、孔径可控的多孔离子传导膜。突破性的解决多孔离子传导膜选择性与导电性的矛盾。创制出高性能、高稳定性、低成本的非氟多孔离子传导膜，经10 000多次充放电循环考核，电池性能无明显衰减，验证了“离子筛分传导”概念的正确性。从根本上解决了非氟离子交换膜稳定性差的难题。电池结构设计方面，过研究电堆内部极化特性，明确了影响电池性能的关键因素。通过材料创新和结构设计创新， 开发出高功率密度电堆。开发出的2 kW电堆的工作电流密度由原来的80 mA/cm2提高到160 mA/cm2。大幅度降低了液流电池的制造成本。提出了大规模液流电池储能系统模块化设计理念，开发出不同规模等级的液流电池单体电堆和储能系统单元模块，发明了单元储能系统组合、多系统耦合技术；漏电电流与系统功耗调控技术；储能系统运行状态监控、预测诊断与自修复管理控制策略，提高了液流电池储能系统的能量效率、运行稳定性和安全可靠性。该技术成功应用于全球最大规模的5 MW/10 MW·h液流电池商业化应用系统。

关键词：液流电池 电解质溶液 离子传导隔膜 电极反应机理 电堆、系统集成 新体系

Abstract：Based on the previous studies， a series of fundamental scientific theories were continually conducted， including the reaction mechanism， property-structure relationship of materials， and component design and preparation method of materials in the large-scale high efficient flow battery， multisystem management and control strategy of system coupling and integrated energy with generation， storage， conversion and consumption， ect. The key achievements were attained as follows. As for membranes， the traditional restriction of the mechanism of “ion exchange transport” was overcame， the original concept of “ion sieving transport” was put forward and radius-tuned porous ion conducting membrane without ion exchange groups was designed and synthesized. The conflict between ion selectivity and ion conductivity of porous ion conducting membranes was successfully resolved. The developed non-fluorinated porous ion conducting membrane with high performance， high stability and low cost ran for more than 10 000 cycles in the charge-discharge cycling test， and no efficiency fade was found， confirming the validity of the concept of “ion sieving transport”. The puzzle of poor stability of non-fluorinated ion exchange membrane was radically resolved. As for the design of battery structure， the key factors that affect the battery performance were clarified via studying the polarization characteristics inside the stack. High power density stack was developed based on the innovation of materials and structural design. The working current density of 2 kW stack increased from 80 mA cm-2 to 160， reducing the cost of flow battery dramatically. The concept of modular design of large-scale flow battery storage system was proposed. A series of technologies were invented， including the combination and multisystem integrated technology of unit energy storage system， regulation and control technology of leakage current and system consumption， and management and control strategy of energy storage system for the monitor of running state， prediction， diagnosis， and self-repairation， improving the efficiency， stability and safety of flow battery storage system. The above technologies have been successfully applied to the world largest 5 MW/10 MW·h flow battery commercial application system.

Key Words：Flow battery；Electrolytes；Ion conducting membranes；Electrode reaction mechanism；Stacks；System integration；New flow battery system

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