浅谈定语从句的基本用法

李兴艳

摘 要：本文从定语从词的定义，关系代词、关系副词、限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句等几方面讲述了定语从句的基本用法。

关键词：定语从词；关系代词 ；关系副词

定语从句是高中英语语法的一项重要内容，也是历年高考的热点之一。然而由于课时和学生对语法的理解能力有限，许多学生对这一从句感到困惑。为此，我在定语从句的教与学的过程中总结归纳了定语从句的一些基本用法。

定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语，修饰主句的某个名词或代词，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，被修饰的词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫做关系代词或关系副词，从句一般放在它所修饰的先行词后面。

一、关系代词、关系副词的基本用法

1.关系代词的用法。（1）who指人，在从句中做主语，也可代替whom做宾语。（2）whom指人，在从句中做宾语。（3）whose指人或物，在从句中做定语，只要先行词与空格后面的名词或代词是修饰或所属关系，就考虑用关系代词whose。（4）which指物，在从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常省略（5）that指人或物，在从句中做主语，宾语和表语。

2.关系副词的用法。（1）When指时间，在句子中做状语。如：This was the time when he left for Beijing.（2）Where指地点，在句子中做状语。如：That is the city where she grew up.（3）Why指原因，在句子中做状语。如：I dont know the reason why he was late for the class.（4）How指方式，在句子中做状语。The method how he learns English works well.

3.关系代词which和that的差异

（1）先行词是any， all， few， much， little， anything， everything等不定代词，用that：Thats all that I can do at that time.Please tell me anything that you know about the author of the book.

（2）先行词被any， much， no， some， few， all， little（很少，几乎没有）等修饰，用that：I have read all the books that you gave me.

（3）先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰，用that：I have the best TV seat that is made in China.

（4）先行词被the only， the very， the right， the just修饰，用that：That is the right novel that I have ever read.

（5）先行词既指人又指物时，用that：He talked about the teachers and schools （that） he had visited.

（6）主句是以who， what， which开头的特殊疑问句，用that：Who is the man that is standing at the gate？

Which of us that that knows something about physics does not know this？

（7）way（指方式）， time作先行词，其中time之前有序数词或last修饰时，用关系副词that，若无，则既可用that，也可用when.

I dont like the way （that） he dealt with the problem.（可省略that，也可以用in which.）

I can not remember the first time （that） we met.

（8）当先行词在主句中作表语，且关系代词在从句中也作表语时，用that：Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.

（9）介词提前时，关系代词指物用which，指人用whom ：Della sat on the corner of the table hearing the door by which her daughter always entered.

The comrade to whom you spoke is a model worker.

（10）连接非限制性定语从词，用which：

His dog， which was now very old， became ill and died.

4.关系代词as的用法。注意与which的差异

（1）As在限制性定语从句中，多与such， so及the same连用，从句中的谓语动词与主句中的谓语动词相同时常被省略。

We do the same work as they （do）.

I hope to get such a dictionary as he is using.

（2）As用于非限制性定主从句中，代替整个主句，可置于主句前、中、后通常译为正如（象）……一样，且有一些常见结构。

which可指前面句子包含的整个内容；as连接从句时，有“为人所熟知，显然，正如”之意；which所引的从句只能置主句后。

She married him， which was unexpected.

He didnt have any hope of success， as we knew.

As we all know ， Taiwan is a part of China.

二、掌握限制性定語从句与限制性定语从句的差异

限制性定语从句与主句关系紧密，不可分割，若去掉，则主句不完整。中间无逗号。而限制性定语从句与主句关系松散，去掉不影响主句的完整性。例如：

His brother who is eighteen years old is a soldier.

译为：他十八岁的那个哥哥是个战士。（有几个哥哥）

His brother，，who is eighteen years old， is a soldier.

译为：他哥哥是个战士，有十八岁。（只有一个哥哥）

下面列表说明：

句子

三、掌握定词从句的一些特殊用法

1.分隔定语从句（定语从句与先行词被其它词分隔的现象）

For example，

He was the only person in our country who was invited.

A teacher will come to our country who will teach you English.

2.残缺定语从句：

For example，

Is this pen ______ you want？

A、which B、that C、the one D、the ones

该题答案为C，主句缺表语，从句缺先行词。

四、介词+关系代词连接的定语从句

关系代词which和whom在定语从句中做介词的宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词which/whom引出。关键难点在于介词的确定，主要根据两点：一是根据从句中动词与介词的搭配；二是根据句子的意义。

For example：

1.The man to whom you spoke is our English teacher.

跟某人说speak后跟to，故而用to whom.

2.He lived in London for 3 months， during which time he learned some English.

该题就是与句意有关，“在此期间”故用了“during”。除此之外，还应注意定定词从句中主谓一致的问题：

A letter that is written in pencil is difficult to read.

The man who was here yesterday is a painter.

He is one of the students who speak English.

He is the only one of the students who speaks English.

总之，只要熟练掌握了定语从句的基本用法和一些特殊用法，并加于灵活运用，平时多做一些强化训练，就能在高考中把与该从句相关的考点迎刃而解，把分数收入襄中。

参考文献：

[1]全日制普通高级中学教科书（必修），2014，人民教育出版社.

[2]5年高考3年模拟，2014，首都师范大学出版社.