中考阅读理解填词题型分析及解题技巧

2016-05-14 17:16姜经志
中学生英语·中考指导版 2016年4期
关键词:空格全文短文

姜经志

短文填空是近年来全国各省市中考中的常见题型。主要有选词填空型、首字母填空型、自由填空型、动词填空型、短语句子填空型等类型。本文结合中考英语试题分述如下:

【应对策略】

中考英语试题中的“选词填空型”短文填空要求考生利用所给的单词(一般有名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、冠词、介词和连词等)补全一篇有空缺的短文。要想提高此类题型的答题准确率,考生除了要进行大量的课外阅读,积累丰富的语言知识外,还需掌握一定的解题技巧。做好这类题,主要从以下几个方面入手:

1. 通读全文,明确大意。

越过空格,通读全文,理顺题意,找到关键信息(暗示词)。要填的单词肯定是在一定的语言环境中才能确定。只有了解了短文大意,把握了全文的主导方向,才能正确理解空缺词所在的句子,缩小词的选择范围。

2. 根据语法,判定词性。

一般的空缺都可以通过其所在的句式结构和句法成分来判断其词性,从而进一步缩小词的选择范围。

3. 利用语境,确定词形。

确定了一个单词的词性后,可通过上下文来帮助确定其形式。如动词的数、时态、语态、不定式、-ing形式;名词的数和所有格;代词的单、复数及各种形式;形容词、副词的比较级以及基数词、序数词的转换形式等。

4. 复读全文,验证答案。

填完单词后,不要孤立地逐个词检查,应复读全文,仔细检查所填单词是否符合文章的意思,读起来是否流畅、合乎句法等。发现问题应及时更正。通过复读全文,很可能利用语感将个别特别难的空缺顺口“读”出来。复读时注意“三审”:一审语法、词汇对不对;二审逻辑关系顺不顺;三审有没有笔误。

【典型例题】

用方框中所给单词的适当形式填空,使短文通顺、意思完整,每空限填一词,每词限用一次。方框中有两个词是多余的。

After a quick breakfast, I went into the lecture hall in a hurry. A famous teacher was 1 to the students. He was holding up a $100 bill. Then he said to the three hundred students, “Who would like this $100 bill?” The students put up 2 hands at once. Then he said, “I am going to give this $100 bill to one of you, but 3 , let me do this.” He made the bill into a ball. Then he said, “Who 4 it now?” The hands went back into the air. “Well,” he said, “what if I do this?” And he 5 it on the floor and stepped on it. He picked up the 6 bill and said, “Who still wants it?” Hands went back again into the air.

“My friends,” he said, “you have learned a valuable (有价值的) 7 today. No matter what I did to the $100 bill!Many 8 in our life, we are dropped and stepped on. We feel as if we are worth nothing. But remember, no matter what 9 happened to you, you will never lose your value: You are 10 valuable to those people who love you. Your value doesnt come from what you do or whom you know, but who you are.”

【答案与解析】

短文内容是关于一位著名的教师给学生上了一堂很有价值的课,使学生终身受益。

1. speaking。表示“和某人讲话”,应用speak to sb.,此处是过去进行时,故填speaking。

2. their。代替students应用形容词性物主代词their。

3. first。根据句意,此处应用序数词first,意为“首先”。

4. wants。主语Who是单数,故应填wants。

5. dropped。表示“扔到地上”的“扔”,应用drop,根据上下文,此处应用其过去式dropped。

6. dirty。用脚踩过之后,$100钞票是脏的。故用填dirty。

7. lesson。该句意为“你们已经上了一堂很有价值的课”,表示“课”应用lesson。

8. times。表示“次数”,many后应用times。 9. has。疑问词what作主语,谓语动词用单数,故此处应用助动词has。

10. always。表示“一直”、“总是”应用always。

【应对策略】中考英语试题中的“首字母填空型”短文填空的具体要求是根据句意和已给的首字母,在句子的空白处填上适当的单词,使句子意思完整、语法正确。文章中提供的首字母同时起着提示和限定的作用。该题型既考查学生的单词记忆和拼写能力,又考查学生对句子的理解和运用能力。做好这类题,主要从以下几个方面入手:

1. 通读全句,把握句意。

我们可以先跳过空格粗读短文,尽量理解文章的内容,为填写意思相符的答案做好准备。只有文章意思清楚了,才可能根据文意进行合理的判断,从而有可能突然产生“灵感”,将断层点的意义信息比较准确地反映出来。

2. 注意精读,反复琢磨。

掌握大意后,还应逐词地仔细阅读,从文章中找出句与文、句与句、词与句、词与词之间的关系,以便初步确定答案。做这类题,有的可根据固定用法来判断,有的可通过上下文意思来判断。遇到难词时,就抓住空词句及其前后的句子反复推敲、再三琢磨该词在句中的作用,由此判断出该词的意义。

3. 把握词义,填写准确。

这里的“准确”应包括:

(1)符合要求。即所填单词必须以规定字母开头。

(2)符合意思。既符合整篇文章的基调,更符合所在句子的含义,不可出现意义断层,说东道西的情况。

(3)符合语法。意义相符了,单词选准了,还要注意所填单词是否要作词形变化,如名词是否要用复数形式,形容词是否要用比较级,动词是否要变时态等。

4. 复读全文,验证答案。

看所填单词是不是最佳单词,拼写是否准确无误,词形是否要作必要的变化,短文是否前后连贯一致,情节发展是否合理,议论是否合乎逻辑等。在检查时,同学们应从词法、句法、惯用法等方面考虑答案的准确性,做到含义、形式都正确。

【典型例题】

根据短文内容及首字母提示,写出所缺单词,补全短文,使短文完整通顺。

Think about two people you know. How would you describe their personalities? Are they the s 1 ? Of course not!Everyone is different. Even identical twins have different personalities.

Some people are very outgoing (外向的) and friendly. They like to be w 2 other people all the time. Maybe they like to be the centre of attention. And some people are quiet—maybe even s 3 . They can be friendly, too. But they like to be alone or with just a f 4 friends.

Some people worry a lot. They may worry about many things, such as their jobs, their families and anything that may happen in the future. H 5 , some people dont worry about anything!They n 6 mind what is going on next. These people are very relaxed.

Some people are hard-working. They always do their b 7 . But some people are lazy. They dont care about d 8 things right or getting things done on time. Hard-working people always get more chances than those lazy o 9 in life.

And dont f 10 this: Everyone is different. That means you are special!

【答案与解析】

短文内容是关于如何描述两个人的个性特征。

1. same。the same意为“相同的”。same前通常要加定冠词the。

2. with。be with other people意为“与别人在一起”。

3. shy。一些人很文静,甚至害羞。表示“害羞”应用shy。

4. few。a few相当于some,表示“一些”、“几个”。

5. However。表示转折关系,“然而”应用however。

6. never。表示“从不”用never。

7. best。do ones best意为“尽最大努力”。 8. doing。about是介词,其后应用动词的-ing形式。

9. ones。代词ones此处代替people。

10. forget。表示“忘记”,此处应用forget。

【应试策略】中考英语试题中的“自由填空型”短文填空的特点是将一篇短文中的若干个词抽出后,不给任何提示,完全由考生根据短文的意思,在每个空格中填上一个单词,使短文意思完整。

解答此类题目时,考生所填的词在词义上要能使短文意思顺理成章,在语法逻辑上正确无误。因此,做好这类题,主要从以下几个方面入手:

1. 通读短文,掌握大意。

先读懂短文,掌握其大意,然后再根据词汇和语法知识,结合文章的内容和上下句结构填入适当的词语(有时会出现多个答案)。

2. 细读短文,确定答案。

在理解文章大意的基础上,对所填词语进行反复推敲。注意:可数与不可数名词;名词的单复数、形容词、副词的级别变化;人称代词、物主代词和反身代词之间的转换以及不定代词的用法;连词的正确使用;各类词语之间的转换。

3. 仔细核实所填词语。

在填完后要仔细核实所填词语的拼写是否正确,大小写是否恰当;句子结构是否正确,前后意思是否连贯;全文是否通顺。若发现问题根据所学的词汇和语法知识重新推敲,最终敲定答案。

【典型例题】

根据短文内容,在短文中的空格处填上一个恰当的词,使短文完整、通顺。

Tang Ling often smoked cigarettes (香烟) in his schools washing room. He started smoking 1 the age of 14. One day he learnt that the NBA star Yan Ming, an ambassador (大使) to the Chinese Association on Tobacco Control (中国控烟协会), asked people not to smoke. Yan Ming was Tangs favorite star, 2 his words meant a lot to him. He decided to 3 up smoking.

According to the Chinese Association on Tobacco Control, about 350 million Chinese smoke. Among 4 , 50 million are teenagers. Sun Jiangping of Beijing University said, “Teenagers can get cigarettes 5 , especially when their parents smoke or shops 6 cigarettes to them. Its very important 7 parents to help their children stop smoking.”

A 15-year-old boy named Li Kun from Beijing said his 8 didnt smoke. Because they thought smoking could make people feel badly ill, they only allowed him to play with friends without smoking. Living in such a good family helped Li say 9 to cigarettes. Some of his smoking classmates once told Li that smoking made boys look 10 , but Li disagreed. He said, “Smoking is unhealthy and its not cool at all. Please stop smoking now!”

【答案与解析】

短文内容是关于如何对待吸烟的问题。

1. at。at the age of 是固定搭配,意为“在……岁时”。

2. so/ and。此处应填表示并列或因果关系的连词。

3. give。decide to后面应接动词原形;give up smoking意为“戒烟”。

4. them/those。介词among后面应接代词。them/ those可以代替about 350 million Chinese。

5. easily。副词用来修饰动词。easily意为“容易地”。

6. sell/ offer。此处应填动词。sell/ offer sb. to do sth. 表示“卖/提供某物给某人”。

7. for。Its very important for sb. to do sth. 表示“对某人来说做某事是重要的”。

8. parents/ family。根据下文的“Living in such a good family”可以确定。

9. no。say no to 意为“拒绝”。

10. cool。look cool意为“看起来酷”。

【应对策略】中考“动词填空型”短文填空提供一些动词,要求同学们用其正确形式填空,考查形式可以分为两种情况:

1. 动词放在短文中空格的后面。

这种类型比较简单,类似于单句的动词填空,同学们做题时只要考虑动词的时态、语态及其变化形式等是否符合文章的意思就行了。

2. 动词放在短文前面或后面。

这种类型比上一类型难度大,因为它首先要求同学们根据文章内容选择意思相符的动词,然后再用动词的适当形式填空。供选择的动词数目有时和空格数相等,也可能多于所填写的空格数。对于这种类型的题目,我们应该先读短文再看动词。若有个别动词把握不住,就把它暂时放下,等其他空格填好了,再结合下文的意思把它填上。另外,在填空的过程中,应注意词组或短语的搭配,有些动词和另外的词搭配在一起后可能会产生新的意义。

【典型例题】

阅读短文,用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空(必要时可加情态动词或助动词)。

Henry and Charlie were good friends. They worked in a shop. These days Henry did not come to work, but Charlie did not know why. The shopkeeper said there were too many workers in the shop, so he (1) _____ (send) some away. Charlie heard of it and wanted to tell his friend Henry about the shopkeepers plan. He went to him after supper. When he got there he (2) _____ (meet) Henrys wife at the door.

“Henry (3) _____ (go) out, hasnt he?” asked Charlie.

“No, he (4) _____ (be) in bed,” answered the woman.

“Whats wrong with him?”

“He (5) _____ (not feel) well,” said his wife.

“What on earth is happening?”

“He (6) _____ (not fall) asleep the whole night.”

Charlie went into the bedroom and saw his friend (7) _____ (lie) in bed, crying loudly in pain.

“Have you seen a doctor, Henry?” asked Charlie.

“Not yet,” said Henry. “My wife bought some medicine for me and I took some just now.”

“Youd better (8) _____ (go) to see a doctor. They will help you, I think.”

“Sorry, I (9) _____ (not agree) with you,” said Henry. “Last year I had a terrible stomachache, the doctor cut part of my stomach. Last week I got a bad toothache and the dentist had my tooth (10) _____ (pull). God knows what the doctor will do with my head this time!”

【答案与解析】

通读全文,可以了解到本文讲述的是Henry 和Charlie 是好朋友。Charlie听说商店要减员,他决定去告诉Henry这件事。

1. was going to/ would send。语境分析,此处应用过去将来时。

2. met。根据上下文,此处应用一般过去时。

3. has gone。根据后面的hasnt可以判断,此处应用现在完成时。

4. is。表示目前的情况用一般现在时。

5. isnt feeling/ doesnt feel。

6. didnt/ couldnt fall。表示过去的动作应用一般过去时。

7. lying。“see sb. doing sth.”表示“看见某人正在做某事”。

8. go。had better (最好)后面应接动词原形。

9. cant/ dont agree。

10. pulled。have sth. done意为“请人做某事”。

【应试策略】中考“短语句子型”短文填空主要考查学生的语篇理解能力。要求考生根据语篇情景,用恰当的短语或句子填空,使之意思完整。这种题属开放性试题,考生填写的内容只要语句通顺、符合题意即可。在做题时,应注意动词的时态和语态,注意句子的完整性。特别要注意上下文的联系和对短文的整体理解。

【典型例题】

根据语篇情景,用恰当的短语或句子填空,使之意思完整。

The first day of April is commonly known as April Fools Day, and on this day people can play tricks (恶作剧) on their friends. For example, you can try to make one of your friends believe something that 1 . If your friend falls into your trick, he or she is an April Fool.

“Rita, the head teacher wants you,” said one of her classmates on April 1.

“All right,” she answered and ran to the office building. When she finally 2 , the teacher told her that he didnt want her.

When Rita came back, everyone around her 3 , “April fool!” Rita laughed too, but felt so sorry for having been made a fool.

【答案与解析】

通读全文,可以了解到本文讲述的是有关愚人节的故事。

1. is not true/ doesnt (really) happen。所填内容与前面的that一起作定语,修饰前面的something。

2. found/ saw/ met the (head) teacher。句意为“当她最后找到/看见/发现校长时,……”。

3. laughed and shouted。“当Rita回来时,她周围的人都笑她并大喊……。”

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