说明文的写作

潘小莲

说明文是指以说明为主要表达方式，来说明事物的情况、特征或道理的文体。要求同学们通过对实体事物的解说，或对抽象整理的阐释，来介绍事物的形态、构造、性质、种类、成因、功能等。其特点在于说明性、知识性和实用性。

⑴要仔细观察，抓住事物的特征。说明事物，不仅要抓住其外部形态特征，更重要的是要抓住事物的本质特征。

⑵安排好合理的说明顺序。对于实体事物的建造过程、产品的生产过程、事物的演变过程等往往按时间顺序来说明；对于实体事物的形状、构造应按空间顺序来说明；介绍事物的性质、种类、功能和阐述事物的含义、原理、特点等应按逻辑顺序来说明。

⑶要灵活地采用不同的说明方法，如定义说明、注释说明、举例说明、分类说明、比较说明、引用说明、比喻说明、描述说明、数字说明和图表说明等。

⑷要注意语言准确，简洁平实，做到表达清晰、条理清楚、层次分明，具有严格的科学性。

⑸写说明文时通常采用一般现在时态，用于强调客观事实。

介绍方位常用句型

It lies between ... and ...

It is located/situated in ...

Opposite to the ... stands ...

The door on your left leads you to ...

On your left lies a ...， with all kinds of ... in it.

Turning to the left， you will see ...， behind which is ...

In front of it is ...， with ... on its left and ... on its right.

Next to the door against the wall there is a ...， in which we sit to watch TV every evening.

介绍产品常用句型

... containing much top and new technique

... is a new kind of ... produced by ...， which is ...

Made of ...， it is light， small， and easy to carry.

... is famous for its excellent quality and reasonable price.

介绍国家城市常用句型

...， the capital of ...， lies in the middle of ...

... is provided for the convenience of customers/ visitors.

A walk around ... is a feast for the mind as well as the eye.

Walking past ...， the building that appears in front of you is ...

China is a large country with rich history and much population.

It is rich in natural sources such as coal and gold and has mild weather.

It has an area of 160，000 square kilometers with a population of over 90 million.

... is located at the foot of/ by the side of ...， to the east of ... and to the north of ...

Along the road are lines of trees， from which students can find shade from the hot sun.

Built in the 16th century， the castle has witnessed too much coming and going in history.

例1

一家宾馆新开业，为吸引外国宾客，希望在互联网上进行宣传，请你用英语为其写一篇文字介绍。主要内容应包括：

（1）地点：距长白山入口处300米；

（2）房间及价格：单人间（共30间），200元/天；双人间（共20间），300元/天；热水淋浴；

（3）餐饮：餐厅（中、西餐），咖啡厅（茶、咖啡）；

（4）游泳池：全天免费开放；

（5）欢迎预定。

注意：（1）词数100左右，开头语已为你写好；（2）可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

Welcome to Baishan Mountain Hotel

Baishan Mountain Hotel is now open for business.

The hotel has an ideal location， only 300 meters to the entrance of the mountain. It has 30 single rooms and 20 double rooms， all with hot showers. The price is very reasonable： 200 yuan per day for a single room and 300 per day for a double room. It provides different kinds of services including three meals a day in the dining hall with choices between Chinese food and Western food， coffee and tea in the café， and a swimming pool open all day free of charge.

Welcome to Baishan Mountain Hotel. Reservation in advance is advised because it is a good choice for all tourists.

点评 从材料的呈现方式及材料所提供的要求可知，本文应该用说明文体来写作。文章把握住了事物类说明文的主要特征，语言客观、精练。在说明事物时对其特征进行了归类整理，文章条理清晰。在写作过程中注意到了长短句、主被动句交替使用，语言错落有致，丰富精彩，高级句型和词汇运用恰当，显示出较强的语言运用能力。文章覆盖了所有主要内容，完全达到了预期的写作目的。

说明一个你所熟悉的旅游景点：以Have you ever thought of visiting _____？ You should because it has special attractions.开头，并且对你喜欢的景点进行以下描述：

1. Why the place is famous in size？

2. What you can do there？

3. How good it is for you？

Sheng Nongjia

Have you ever thought of visiting Sheng Nongjia？ You should because it has special attractions.

Shengnongjia is a forest district. ① It lies in the northwest of Hubei Province， covering an area of 3，253 square kilometers. Such a vast area is heavily forested of tress， like，fir， pine and hemlock， and also inhabited by many precious animals， like golden monkey， leopard and bear. So it is a wonder tourist attraction， if you want to get close to nature.

Shennongjia is well known for its legend of savages. ③There are some reports showing evidence for them， like their hair and footprints， but there is no one who really has witnessed a savage in the last 30 years.

②The area has many mountains， with an average altitude of 1，700 meters. Because of that， the weather varies from the low places to the high places. The best time for visitors is from June to October. ④But if you go there between December and the next February， you can enjoy the fantastic snow scenery.

Finally， lets talk about the food there. There are many kinds of special dishes that you wont have in other places， especially its edible wild herbs. Thats really a feast for you！

点评 1. 开头用词组lie in， 动词cover直接点题：①It lies in the northwest of Hubei Province， covering an area of 3，253 square kilometers. Zhejiang Province.

2. with的复合结构介绍神农架的地理位置。②The area has many mountains， with an average altitude of 1，700 meters.

3.各种句式交替使用：除了简单句的使用外，还不乏有从句，并列句的句式转换。如③There are some reports showing evidence for them， like their hair and footprints， but there is no one who really has witnessed a savage in the last 30 years.

④But if you go there between December and the next February， you can enjoy the fantastic snow scenery.

不足之处：1. 注意词性：So it is a wonder tourist attraction， if you want to get close to nature. 此处wonder是名词，应当改为wonderful（形容词）。

2.有些介词的使用过于单一，如like可以使用such as， plus等介词短语或副词代替，从而使其表达更加丰富、灵活。

The West Lake

Have you ever thought of visiting the West Lake？ You should because it has special attractions.

①Known as Heaven on earth， the West lake lies in the west of Hangzhou in Zhejiang Province.Its a famous urban lake in China.With an average depth of 2.27 meters， the lake is 3.3 kilometers long from north to south and 2.8 kilometers wide from east to west. The deepest site of the lake can be 5 meters.Two famous causeways， Su Causeway and the Bai Causeway， divides the West Lake into five parts.②The beauty of the lake not only lies in its lakes， but also in its mountains， the most two famous of which are Mount Lingying and Mount Longjing.

Throughout Chinas history， any poets，writers and even movie directors come here in search of inspiration under the attraction of the lake. ③In addition，there are a great number of preserved cultural relics here，which makes the West Lake a well-known tourist attraction of history and culture. On June 24， 2011， the West lake was officially listed in the “World Heritage” list.

You can breathe fresh air， and cycle around the lake. Whats more， one can always has a pleasant chat with his or her friends over the dragon well tea sitting beside the lake.

点评 1. 非谓语动词开头简洁明了：①Known as Heaven on earth， the West lake lies in the west of Hangzhou in Zhejiang Province.在英语习作中，当说明文介绍某一事物时，除了定语从句这一常见的语法句型之外，非谓语动词是一个也不错的选择。

2. 连词巧妙连接，非限制定语从句准确运用。②The beauty of the lake not only lies in its lakes， but also in its mountains， the most two famous of which are Mount Lingying and Mount Longjing.该句用到了not only，but also这一连词。而且用到了较为复杂的非限制性定语从句的语法the most two of which are Mount Lingying and Mount Longjing.可见作者的语言功底的扎实。

3.介词短语自然过渡。③In addition，there are a great number of preserved cultural relics here，which makes the West Lake a well-known tourist attraction of history and culture.其实除了in addition之外，还有besides， whats more， additionally等过渡词。

不足之处：1.主谓一致问题：①Two famous causeways， Su Causeway and the Bai Causeway， divides the West Lake into five parts.很明显句子的主语是复数，其谓语动词应当为divide。2. 文章的结尾有些唐突。

说明文是高考英语书面表达比较常见的一种体裁，其特点是对事物或做事情的方法进行客观地介绍。

写说明文宜采用三段式：第一段主要介绍要说明的对象及说明的目的；第二段说明事物的主要特征或做事情的方法步骤；第三段进行总结概括。写作时应遵循以下几个步骤：

1.仔细审题，明确说明对象，抓住要说明的事物或事理的主要特征。

2.选择合理的说明顺序（时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑顺序）分层次进行说明，注意条理清晰。

3.选择恰当的说明方法，进行说明，并根据说明顺序及内容确定过渡词和恰当的句型结构。文字应客观、简洁、明了，不必追求华丽和加入太多个人观点。