胥晓明,于爱红,程晓光
(北京积水潭医院放射科,北京 100035)
◁肌肉骨骼影像学▷
半肢骨骺发育异常的MRI诊断价值
胥晓明,于爱红,程晓光
(北京积水潭医院放射科,北京 100035)
目的:探讨半肢骨骺发育异常(Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica,DEH)的MRI影像表现。资料与方法:回顾性分析7例病理证实的DEH患者的临床及MRI影像资料,其中男6例,女1例,年龄1~9岁。扫描序列为常规序列及3D-VIBE序列。结果:①发病部位:7例DEH病变发生于膝关节5例,踝关节2例;2例累及单个骨骺,5例发生于多个骨骺;3例只累及肢体内侧,2例只累及肢体外侧,1例肢体内外侧均受累,1例累及肢体中央部。②合并畸形:3例合并骺早闭,其中1例同时合并骺早闭、髌骨脱位及胫骨弯曲变形;1例合并膝外翻,1例合并踝内翻。③影像表现:7例患者均可见关节周围1个或多个骨软骨性肿物,与邻近固有骨骺信号相似,软骨内骨化中心与固有骨骺融合或分离,表面软骨帽呈T1WI中等信号、VIBE序列高信号。7例DEH病变MRI检查均可清晰显示关节周围软组织的异常。结论:MRI可以清晰显示DEH病变的范围及其解剖关系,明确肿块与固有骨骺的关系,对DEH的诊断、评估以及治疗发挥重要作用。
肢畸形,先天性;磁共振成像
半肢骨骺发育异常 (Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica,DEH)是一种罕见的先天骺软骨发育异常,表现为一个或多个骨骺过度生长导致骨骺不对称性增大,多累及单侧肢体。MRI检查可清晰显示骨与骺软骨结构的异常以及邻近结构的改变;近年来,三维容积插值屏气检查(3D-VIBE)序列逐步应用于软骨成像,并且通过任意方向的三维重建,可以很好的显示骨性肿物与固有骨骺及关节软骨的关系。国内外对本病多为个案报道,笔者搜集7例经病理证实的DEH患者MRI影像资料,探讨其MRI诊断价值。
1.1 研究对象
回顾性分析2009—2015年由我院临床及病理确诊的7例DEH患者的临床及MRI影像资料。其中男6例,女1例,年龄1~9岁。临床表现为关节周围硬性肿块、畸形、活动受限等。
1.2 检查方法
所有患者均行MRI检查,采用Siemens 1.5T扫描仪,扫描参数:轴位、矢状位及冠状位SE T1WI(TR 400ms,TE 15ms),T2WI脂肪抑制序列(TR 3000ms,TE 70ms),FOV 160mm,矩阵256×320,层厚3mm,层间距0.6mm。矢状位3D-VIBE序列:TR 14ms,TE 6ms,各向同性,FOV 180mm,矩阵240×320,层厚0.7mm,无层间距。
2.1 发病部位
本组病例发生于膝关节5例,踝关节2例;发生于膝关节者,2例只累及股骨远端,2例同时累及股骨远端及胫骨近端,1例累及胫骨近端及髌骨。发生于踝关节者,1例累及距骨内侧、胫骨内踝、舟骨及内侧楔骨;另1例累及距骨后外侧及腓骨外踝。
7例DEH病变中,3例只累及肢体内侧,2例只累及肢体外侧,1例肢体内外侧均受累,1例累及肢体中央部。
本组病例中2例累及单个骨骺,5例发生于多个骨骺。
2.2 合并畸形
本组病例中,3例合并骺早闭,均为膝关节病变合并股骨远端骺早闭(图1,2),其中1例同时合并骺早闭、髌骨脱位及胫骨弯曲变形(图2)。1例合并膝外翻,1例合并踝内翻。
2.3 MRI影像表现
此病MRI表现为1个或多个骨骺过度生长导致不对称性增大,7例患者均可见关节周围1个或多个骨软骨性肿物,与邻近固有骨骺信号相似,软骨内骨化中心与固有骨骺融合或分离,表面软骨帽呈T1WI中等信号、VIBE序列高信号。5例膝关节病变中,3例(3/5)可见多个软骨内骨化的游离体以及与固有骨骺融合的骨性突起,游离体表面有完整软骨帽覆盖,与固有骨骺间有明显软骨信号间隙,邻近关节软骨变薄、凹凸不平,关节面不光整(图 1,3,4);另外2例 (2/5)表现为固有骨骺多发骨性突起、增大,表面覆盖关节软骨,且关节软骨完整、平滑,无明显游离体形成(图2)。2例踝关节病变均累及踝关节多个骨骺,可见距骨多发骨性突起及周围数个软骨覆盖的游离体,其中1例可见踝关节面关节软骨不均匀变薄,关节面凹凸不平。
7例DEH病变MRI检查均可清晰显示关节周围软组织的异常:膝关节病变中3例(3/5)可见半月板受压,1例半月板内信号增高,提示半月板变性损伤(图1);4例(4/5)可见骨软骨肿物邻近肌腱、韧带的受压移位。2例踝关节病变均可见踝关节周围肌腱、韧带的受压移位(图4)。7例病变中2例可见关节积液。
图1 男,9岁,DEH累及右股骨内侧髁。图1a,1b:冠状位T1WI:右股骨内侧髁骨骺偏心性增大,可见数个不规则骨化中心,信号与固有骨骺相似,关节软骨凹凸不平,内侧半月板及内侧副韧带受压移位,半月板信号增高(图1a箭头),同时合并股骨远端骺早闭(图1b箭头)。图1c,1d:冠状位VIBE序列:显示骨性肿物表面有软骨覆盖,与固有骨骺间有明显的高信号软骨间隙(图1c箭头),局部与固有骨骺融合(图1d箭头)。图1e:病理表现类似骨软骨瘤样改变,可见软骨帽及软骨化骨。Figure 1. Male,9-year-old.DEH in the right medial femoral condyle.Figure 1a,1b:Coronal T1WI:the eccentric overgrowth in the right medial femoral condyle,with several ossification centers, which had signal intensity similar to that of normal epiphysis.Articular cartilage is uneven,medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus are displaced.The meniscus signal increases(Figure 1a arrow) combining with premature physeal closure in distal femur(Figure 1b arrow).Figure 1c,1d:Coronal VIBE:the bone mass is covered with cartilage.An obvious high signal cartilage space between the mass and epiphysis is seen(Figure 1c arrow),partial fuses with the epiphysis(Figure 1d arrow).Figure 1e:Pathologic manifestation is similar to the osteochondroma,which has the cartilage cap and endochondral ossification.
3.1 临床及影像学表现
图2 男,3岁,右股骨远端及胫骨近端DEH病变。图2a,2b:矢状位VIBE序列,显示股骨远端及胫骨近端骨骺增大(箭头),可见骨性突起,胫骨近端关节软骨变薄。合并股骨远端骺早闭(图2b细箭)。图2c,2d:VIBE序列冠状及轴位重建:显示胫骨平台及股骨外侧髁前缘骨性突起(箭头),与固有骨骺信号相同。合并髌骨脱位(图2d细箭)。图2e:侧位X线片显示该病例亦合并胫骨弯曲变形。Figure 2. Male,3-year-old.DEH in the right distal femur and proximal tibia.Figure 2a,2b:Sagittal VIBE sequence,shows the enlargement in the distal femur and proximal tibia(arrow).Bony prominence can be seen.Articular cartilage of the proximal tibia become thin, combining with premature physeal closure in distal femur(Figure 2b thin arrow).Figure 2c,2d:Coronal and axial reconstruction of VIBE sequence:note the bony prominence in the tibial plateau and the front edge of lateral femoral condyle(arrow),which has the similar signal intensity with the normal epiphysis,combining with patellar dislocation(Figure 2d thin arrow).Figure 2e:Lateral X-ray shows bending and deformation of tibia.
图3 1岁,左膝关节伸直受限。图3a:矢状位T1WI;图3b:VIBE序列,示胫骨平台前方及髌骨下缘骨骺增大,可见多发不规则形中等及稍低信号,表面可见软骨信号,与固有骨骺分离。图3c:肿物切除术后1年,CT显示复发,且范围增大,股骨远端骨骺亦受累。Figure 3. One-year-old.Limitation of extending in the left knee.Figure 3a:Sagittal T1WI;Figure 3b:VIBE sequence, note the overgrowth of epiphysis in anterior tibial plateau and inferior border of patella.Multiple intermediate and slight low signal intensity can be seen,covered with cartilage signal,and separated with normal epiphysis.Figure 3c:One year after resection of the tumor,CT shows recurrence,with range increased and distal femur epiphysis involvement.
图4 女,3岁,发现踝关节周围肿物及踝内翻。图4a:矢状位T1WI;图4b~4d:VIBE序列显示距骨周围(前方、外侧及后方)、舟骨及腓骨外踝骨骺不规则增大,可见多个骨性游离体,与固有骨骺间存在软骨间隙。后方肌腱受压移位(箭头)。合并踝关节轻度内翻。Figure 4. Female,3-year-old.Find a mass around the ankle joint and ankle inversion.Figure 4a:Sagittal T1WI.Figure 4b~4d:VIBE sequence:note the irregular enlargement of epiphysis in peritalus(anterior,lateral and posterior),navicular bone and lateral malleolus.Multiple osseous loose bodies can be seen,and have cartilage space between the mass and epiphysis.The posterior tendon is compressed and displaced(arrow).Combining with slight ankle inversion.
DEH是一种临床罕见的先天骺软骨肿瘤样发育异常性疾病,此病最早由 Mouehet和 Belot于1926年首先报道,命名为 “跗骨巨大症(Tarsomegalie)”。后又称“Trevor”病等。DEH这一国际通用名是1956年由Fairbank提出[1],“半肢”意为病变多侵及骨骺的一半(内侧或外侧)或局限于一个肢体的半侧,但有些病例亦可以累及整个骨骺,为了将此病与其他骨骺发育不良性疾病相区别,DEH这一名称仍较为通用。
该病病因不明,目前还未有证据证明与遗传因素相关,尚无恶变报道;此病男性多于女性,本组病例男女比例为6∶1;此病好发于下肢骨,本组病例均发生于下肢,包括膝关节和踝关节,亦有病例报道发生于上肢或累及多个关节;病变发生于肢体内侧多于外侧,可累及单个骨骺或多个骨骺[2-5],本组病例中2例累及单个骨骺,5例发生于多个骨骺。
该病X线表现为骨化中心偏心性增大。早期X线多表现为散在的斑点状或不规则形钙化、骨化,随病变进展,可逐渐与固有骨骺融合形成均匀的肿块,从而引起骨骺的一侧异常增大;亦可不融合或与骨骺分离,形成游离体残留在关节周围。病变发生于不规则骨时,亦可表现为不规则结节状或分叶状突起,以及不规则骨增大,可见团块状钙化和骨化[5-7]。CT扫描可进一步显示肿块与固有骨骺的解剖关系。
MRI检查对于DEH的诊断及评估至关重要,因其可以明确关节周围的骨软骨肿物,清晰显示肿物的范围及其解剖关系,准确评估关节受累情况,如关节软骨的形态、关节畸形以及关节周围软组织受侵情况,并且可以清晰显示肿块与固有骨骺的关系,为临床制定治疗方案提供重要依据[5,8]。
近年来,3D-VIBE序列逐步应用于软骨成像。该序列是一种小角度激发三维容积内插梯度回波T1加权序列,最早由Rofsky于1999年报道并用于腹部成像[9]。该序列通过非对称性K空间采集和容积插入技术,在显著缩短扫描时间的同时,保持了较高的空间分辨率、信噪比以及三维后处理能力。目前,3D-VIBE序列已成为腹部增强T1加权常规成像方法。近年来,该序列逐步应用于软骨成像[10-11]。本研究中对DEH患者采用了3D-VIBE T1WI序列进行扫描,可清晰显示关节软骨、病变表面的软骨帽以及病变与固有骨骺间的软骨间隙;不仅显著缩短了扫描时间,并且各向同性的分辨率保证了高质量的任意方向重建,可以全方位显示肿物与固有骨骺及关节软骨的关系,对比X线、CT及常规MRI序列具有明显优势。
本病治疗方面存在一定争议[12],患者无症状无畸形不影响功能,随着年龄增长过度增生骨化中心与固有的骨化中心融合后,肿块不再增大;一旦引起功能障碍,发生畸形或疼痛应手术治疗,手术包括单纯肿块切除或截骨矫形。有学者提倡早期诊断并及时积极手术治疗,以防止肿块进一步增大引起关节畸形及继发周围软组织病变。多数患者手术切除肿物预后较为满意,关节功能恢复及关节塑形良好,但关节内病变切除后有复发的可能[3-4,13](图3)。 有学者提出肿块位于关节外可单纯切除,而对于关节内病变除非形成明显的游离体,或MRI显示增生的骨化中心与固有骨骺间有明显边界,否则不提倡切除关节内病变,原因在于切除关节内病变存在损伤关节软骨诱发早期骨性关节炎的风险[9,12-13]。 因此,术前行MRI检查评估增生的骨软骨肿物与固有骨骺的关系,以及关节软骨形态、关节面匹配情况等对于手术方案的选择至关重要。
3.2 鉴别诊断
骨软骨瘤:DEH病理改变与骨软骨瘤极为相似,但本病的生长部位与骨软骨瘤有明显的区分,多位于骨骺及关节周围而不生长在干骺端。
多发性骨骺发育异常:该病由于骺软骨的变性和发育落后,在X线上表现为受累骨骺变扁、变小、不规则及骨化迟延。
滑膜骨软骨瘤病:见于成年人,关节滑膜通过化生而转化为软骨结节并可骨化、钙化,可脱落关节面形成关节内游离体。
总之,DEH的MRI影像表现具有特征性,可以清晰显示DEH病变的范围及其解剖关系,准确评估关节及周围软组织受累情况,对DEH的诊断、评估以及治疗至关重要。
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MRI diagnosis in dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica
XU Xiao-ming,YU Ai-hong,CHENG Xiao-guang
(Department of Radiology,Beijing Jishuitan Hospital,Beijing 100035,China)
Objective:To investigate the MR imaging features of dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica(DEH).Materials and Methods:Clinical records and MR images of 7 cases with DEH confirmed by pathology were retrospectively reviewed,including 6 boys and 1 girl,with ages from 1~9 years old.The conventional MR sequences and 3D-VIBE sequence were performed.Results:①Location:5 of 7 cases involved the knees,and 2 cases involved the ankles.Two cases had involvement of single epiphysis,while 5 cases involved multiple epiphyses.Three involved epiphyses were in the medial parts of the limbs, and 2 cases in the lateral parts of the limbs,while 1 case involved both sides,and 1 case involved the central part.②Complications:premature physeal closure were found in 3 cases,including 1 case with epiphyseal plate closure,dislocation of patella and tibia bending deformation simultaneously,1 case with the genu valgum,and 1 case with the ankle inversion.③MR imaging features:1 or more osteochondral masses were seen around the joint in all cases,which had signal intensity similar to that of normal epiphysis.The osseous components of the osteochondral masses were continuous or separated from the epiphysis.The surface cartilage cap was isointensity in T1WI and hyperintensity in VIBE sequence.Conclusion:MRI can precisely reveal the DEH lesions,and clarify the relationship between the mass and the inherent epiphysis.MRI was essential in the diagnosis,evaluation and treatment of DEH.
Limb deformities,congenital;Magnetic resonance imaging
R681.3;R445.2
A
1008-1062(2016)11-0815-04
2016-03-04
胥晓明(1986-),女,北京人,医师。E-mail:sydxuxiaoming@163.com
程晓光,北京积水潭医院放射科,100035。E-mail:xiao65@263.net