隐喻在阅读理解解题中的运用

2016-04-06 11:07郑楠
关键词:隐喻

郑楠

摘 要:隐喻是一种思维方式,英语中的很多文化现象都以隐喻的方式呈现出来。隐喻不仅体现在词汇、句法层面,也体现在语篇层面。通过隐喻,学生既可以从宏观上把握语篇主旨大意、作者的写作意图以及谋篇布局,还可以从微观上准确把握语篇的具体细节,进而提高阅读理解的准确性。

关键词:隐喻;语义解释;推理判断;态度观点;主旨大意

隐喻无处不在,不但在语言中,也在思维和行动中[1]4。隐喻的实质就是通过另一事物来理解和体验某一类事物[1]6。2012~2015年全国各地英语高考阅读理解语篇中出现了大量的隐喻。对隐喻的正确理解有助于学生解读阅读文本中的隐含信息和语篇信息,提高阅读理解的解题能力。

一、隐喻

(一)隐喻的分类

隐喻是人们思维、行为和表达思想的一种系统的方式,分为结构隐喻、空间隐喻和实体隐喻。

结构隐喻指以一种概念的结构来构造另一种概念,将谈论一种概念的各方面的词用于谈论另一概念[1]15。比如,人们在谈论time时常会用到与money有关的经验来理解和认识time,常见的相关隐喻有:All this saves time./Teams take time to get things right./Wasting time is a crime./People spend a lot of time pointing out bad manners./We invest little time in a person.这些隐喻都是在“TIME IS MONEY”这一结构隐喻的基础上产生的。

空间隐喻指将上下、前后、里外、深浅、中心—边缘等具体空间方位概念投射于情绪、身体状况、数量、社会地位等抽象的概念上[1]15。比如,on top of the world(很高兴), let us down(让我们不高兴)等是将上—下空间概念“HAPPY IS UP, SAD IS DOWN”运用于情绪的空间隐喻。

实体隐喻指人们将抽象和模糊的思想情感、心理活动、事件、状态等无形的概念看作是有形的、具体的实体。实体隐喻又分为物质隐喻、容器隐喻和拟人隐喻[1]26。比如,meat and potatoes(最基本的部分), out of sight, out of mind(眼不见,心不烦), actions speak louder than words(行动胜于语言)等分别属于物质隐喻、容器隐喻和拟人隐喻。

(二)隐喻的理解

语境影响和支配着语篇意义,隐喻的理解离不开语境。隐喻不仅仅体现在词汇、句子层面,也体现在语篇层面。

1. 词汇层面的隐喻理解

语境有着消除歧义的作用,因此对词汇层面的隐喻的识别和理解必须依据语篇的言语语境即上下文进行。比如:(1)We eat with knife and fork.依据上文的eat,此句中的knife and fork就是其字面意义,即“刀叉”,指“餐具”这个实体。(2)An odometer without a speedometer is like a fork without a knife.依据上文出现的odometer, speedometer可知,fork, knife就超出了其字面义。根据常识,吃饭时需要一副刀叉,有叉而没有刀是无法正常吃饭的。所以本句中的a fork without a knife由字面义投射到隐喻义“不完整的,没有用的”。

2. 语篇层面的隐喻理解

作为一种语用现象,隐喻是一种语篇组织的重要手段,它起着语篇构建、衔接和连贯的功能。语篇的中心主题在很大程度上都是隐喻性的。作者选定一个隐喻,以这个隐喻作为语篇主题,以此支配整个语篇的脉络,这就是隐喻的语篇主题功能[2]。主题隐喻为理解语篇提供了语境。比如,2014年福建卷D篇就是以“House of Life”作为主题隐喻展开话题的,2013年湖南卷B篇是以“Bloom where you are planted”这句谚语作为主题展开话题的。

二、隐喻在英语高考阅读理解解题中的运用

高考阅读理解语篇中的大量隐喻,其超出字面义的特殊语义对学生在阅读理解过程中掌握中心主题,分析、推理、判断语篇的事实和细节以及理解作者的观点、态度和写作意图等都有影响。笔者对最近几年各地高考阅读理解语篇中出现的隐喻进行了归纳和解析,希望对考生的阅读理解解题有所帮助。

(一)实体隐喻

实体隐喻可以用于解答语义解释题、推理判断题。少数实体隐喻还可以用来同时解答两道阅读理解题。

1. 语义解释题

在阅读过程中,语篇通过语境构建意义,语境对隐喻的理解起关键作用。隐喻的字面义与上下文语境冲突,但其在语篇中的隐喻义必须与上下文语境相一致。因此,词汇脱离了具体语境是构不成隐喻的。

例1(2013年江西卷C篇)Listening well also requires total concentration upon someone else. An essential part of listening well is the rule known as“bracketing”. Bracketing includes the temporary giving up or setting aside of your own prejudices and desires, to experience as far as possible someone elses world from the inside, stepping into his or her shoes ...

66. The phrase“stepping into his or her shoes” in Paragraph 2 probably means _______.

A. preparing a topic list first

B. focusing on ones own mind

C. directing the talk to the desired results

D. experiencing the speakers inside world

【解析】例1中上文的语境“experience someone elses world from the inside”表明本段意在说明“体验他人的情感”,因此,“step into his or her shoes”不是其字面义“踏进他或她的鞋子里”,而由“情感”这个语境投射出其隐喻义为“experience the speakers inside world(站在他人的角度,设身处地)”。所以,选项D正确。

2. 推理判断题

例2(2013年浙江卷D篇)“You had nothing to say to them.” he repeated.“No wonder theyre bored. Why not get to the meat of the literature and stop talking about symbolism. Talk with them, not at them. And more important, why do you ignore their bad behavior?” We talked. He named my problems and offered solutions. We role-played. He was the bad student, and I was the forceful, yet, warm, teacher.

59. The students behaved badly in the writers classes because .

A. they were eager to embarrass her

B. she didnt really understand them

C. they didnt regard her as a good teacher

D. she didnt have a good command of English

【解析】例2中的“You had nothing to say to them. No wonder theyre bored, why not get to the meat of the literature and stop talking about symbolism”提供了语境“作者在教授文学”。meat的字面义为“肉”,肉是有营养的食物,也是人类的主食,“the meat of literature”由其字面义“文学的主食”通过“文学课”这个语境投射出其隐喻义为“文学的主要的最有趣的内涵”,推断出“作者不了解学生的需求”,正确选项为B。

(二)结构隐喻

隐喻作为语篇主题,支配语篇并实现语篇的连贯。隐喻标题以及该隐喻形成的词汇链使语篇段落紧密联系、层次分明和脉络连贯。

1. 态度观点题

例3(2015年浙江卷A篇)This is exactly what reading should be and in school so seldom is—an exciting, joyous adventure. Find something, dive into it, take the good parts, skip the bad parts, get what you can out of it, go on to something else. How different is our mean-spirited, picky insistence that every child get every last little scrap of “understanding” that can be dug out of a book.

45. From the teachers point of view,________.

A. children cannot tell good parts from bad parts while reading

B. children should be left to decide what to read and how to read

C. reading is never a pleasant and inspiring experience in school

D. reading involves understanding every little piece of information

【解析】例3中的第一句话提出了隐喻“READING IS AN ADVENTURE”,然后将“adventure”的特征全部投射到“reading”之上,find, dive into, take the good parts, skip the bad parts, get what you can out of it和go on to something else均为对adventure过程的隐喻表达,即“decide what to read and how to read”,正确选项为B。

2. 主旨大意题

例4(2014年福建卷D篇)Real riches consist of well-developed and hearty capacities(能力)to enjoy life. Most people are already swamped(淹没) with things. They eat, wear, go and talk too much. They live in too big a house with too many rooms, yet their house of life is a hut.

Your house of life ought to be a mansion(豪宅), a royal palace. Every new taste, every additional interest, every fresh enthusiasm adds a room. Here are several rooms your house of life should have ...

Literature, classic literature, is a beautiful,richly furnished room where you might find many an hour of rest and refreshment ...

Sports, without which you remain poor,mean a lot in life. No matter who you are, you would be more human, and your house of life would be better supported against the bad days.

Whatever rooms you might add to your house of life, the secret of enjoying life is to keep adding.

71. What would be the best title for the passage?

A. House of Life

B. Secret of Wealth

C. Rest and Refreshment

D. Interest and Enthusiasm

【解析】例4以结构隐喻“LIFE IS A HOUSE”展开。该主题隐喻贯穿整个语篇,各个段落的主题art, literature, music和sports充当主题隐喻“House of Life”的组成部分的rooms,形成统一的、连贯的整体。正确选项为A。

隐喻是一种思维方式,英语中的很多文化现象都以隐喻的方式反映出来。隐喻不仅体现在词汇、句法层面,也体现在语篇层面。通过隐喻,建构词汇、语句的具体意义与抽象意义之间的联系。通过隐喻,学生既可以从宏观结构上把握语篇主旨大意、作者的写作意图以及谋篇布局,还可以从微观结构上准确把握语篇的具体细节,进而提高阅读理解的准确性。在阅读教学中,教师要重视培养学生的隐喻意识和隐喻思维,以提高他们的阅读理解能力和语言思维能力。

参考文献:

[1] LAKOFF G, JOHNSEN M.Metaphors we live by[M]. London: The University of Chicago Press,2003.

[2] 魏在江. 隐喻的语篇功能——兼论语篇分析与认知语言学的界面研究[J]. 外语教学,2006(5):14.

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