靳霄涵综述 徐忠伟 李玉明审校
cardiolab@live.com
血红素氧合酶-1与心血管系统的相关研究*
靳霄涵1,2综述徐忠伟2李玉明1,#审校
cardiolab@live.com
【摘要】血红素氧合酶-1(NO-1)是细胞受到外界刺激后诱导性表达的一种分解血红素的关键酶,其通过激活p55/肿瘤坏死因子受体-1(Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-1,TNFR-1)、p38丝裂原活化激酶(Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases,MAPK)和磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶/蛋白激酶B(Phosphatidylinositol 3 Kinase /Protein Kinase B,PI3K/AKt)等信号通路,抑制多种凋亡相关分子活性,发挥抗氧化、抗炎、抗凋亡、抗血栓与降压等作用,从而保护心血管系统,HO-1基因变异可能引起心血管疾病。
【关键词】血红素氧合酶;心血管系统/疾病
血红素氧合酶-1(Heme Oxygenase 1,HO-1)作为血红素氧合酶同工酶中唯一一种诱导型表达蛋白,在拮抗氧化应激对细胞损伤过程中发挥着重要作用,可保护心血管,延缓心血管疾病的发生与发展。
1HO-1及其调控
1960年,Tenhunen等[1]首先发现HO有三种同工酶,即HO-1、HO-2和HO-3,HO-2是细胞中的稳定表达蛋白,HO-3被认为是一种无活性蛋白,HO-1是三种同工酶中唯一一种诱导表达蛋白。有研究[2]表明,人内皮细胞和成纤维细胞中,HO-1的诱导表达可介导细胞对氧化应激的适应性和保护性应答;HO-1作为血红素降解的限速酶,能将血红素分解为二价铁离子(Fe2+)、一氧化碳(Carbon Monoxide,CO)和胆绿素(Biliverdin,BV)。在氧化应激条件下,机体细胞迅速产生HO-1,加强游离血红素代谢,保护细胞不被游离血红素刺激而进入凋亡进程,发挥细胞保护作用。
HO-1的编码基因位于22号染色体1区2带,其调控主要发生在转录水平。由胞外刺激活化的激酶级联信号,识别并结合于HO-1启动子的DNA结合位点,调节HO-1的表达。氧化应激可抑制HO-1启动子的应激应答元件(Stress-Responsive Elements,StREs)转录抑制剂BACH1的活性,抑制BACH1的转录[3]。细胞内的血红素通过BACH1上的结合位点与BACH1结合并诱导BACH1的构象修饰,抑制BACH1结合至StREs,使BACH1出核转运,随后被降解。活性氧自由基(Reactive Oxygen Species,ROS)也能直接作用于BACH1上的巯基,抑制BACH1与StREs结合,促进其出核转运及降解。HO-1上StREs结合的BACH1的释放,有助于氧化应激应答转录因子Nrf2(NF-E2-related factor-2)与StREs结合,诱导HO-1转录[4]。通过HO-1与BACH1的相互作用,引起HO-1表达,保护细胞免受氧化应激产生的游离血红素的损害。
2HO-1抗凋亡信号通路
肿瘤坏死因子(Tumor Necrosis Factor,TNF)、淋巴毒素、死亡受体家族的激活能引起半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶(Cysteine-Aspartic Acid Protease,Caspase)家族相关信号通路的活化[5],促进细胞凋亡;而HO-1可阻止细胞内的这一凋亡进程。TNF主要通过p55/TNFR-1引起细胞凋亡,TNF与TNFR-1的结合引发TNF相关死亡结构域(TNFR-Associated Death Domain,TRADD)、TNF相关受体-2(Tumor Necrosis Factor-Associated Receptor-2,TRAF2)、受体相互作用蛋白-1(Receptor-Interacting Protein-1,RIP1)以及细胞凋亡抑制蛋白-1和-2(Inhibitor of Cell Apoptosis Protein,c-IAP-1,c-IAP-2)形成复合物,导致核因子-κB(Nuclear Factor-κB,NF-κB)家族转录因子的活化[6],这是诱导细胞凋亡的重要环节;而HO-1和CO都可以调低p55/TNFR-1的表达或者减弱p55/TNFR-1识别TNF的能力[7],HO-1还可以在不影响其它细胞保护相关基因表达的情况下抑制NF-κB的活化,从而抑制细胞凋亡。
研究显示,p38丝裂原活化激酶(MAPK)与HO-1的细胞保护作用相关,抑制MAPK活性可拮抗HO-1的抗凋亡作用[8]。p38MAPK分子有两种同工酶,p38αMAPK和p38βMAPK,p38αMAPK有促凋亡作用,而p38βMAPK则发
挥抗凋亡作用[9]。p38βMAPK可能通过HO-1与c-IAP-2或者其它细胞保护性基因的相互作用,抑制TNF介导的细胞凋亡过程而活化,HO-1能特异性识别p38αMAPK,并通过泛素-蛋白酶复合体系统使其降解;通过这种机制,控制p38α与p38β两种同工酶的比例,保证具有细胞保护作用的p38βMAPK在比例上大于有细胞毒性p38αMAPK。HO-1活化的p38MAPK可以通过磷酸脂酰肌醇-3激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/Akt)信号通路诱导抑制凋亡因子Bcl-xl的表达,抑制细胞固有的凋亡途径激活[10]。PI3K/Akt信号传导通路的活化还能诱导HO-1的表达,并通过HO-1上第188位丝氨酸残基的磷酸化,调节HO-1的活性[11]。
3HO-1对心血管系统的保护作用
HO-1能够通过抗氧化和抗炎、抗凋亡和抗血栓以及血管调节等多种机制发挥心血管系统保护作用。
3.1抗氧化与抗炎
血红素被HO-1分解之后的产物包括CO和BV,CO与血红蛋白结合,可抑制电子转移及ROS积聚,ROS积聚能够激活许多信号通路,如:MAPK/细胞外调节蛋白激酶(Extracellular Regulated Protein Kinases,ERK)、AKt及环磷酸鸟苷依赖的蛋白激酶(Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate/cGMP- Dependent Protein Kinase, cGMP/PKG),还能直接活化单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1,MCP-1)和转化生长因子-β(Transforming Growth Factor,TGF-β)等炎症和纤维化因子,改变组蛋白复合物结构,并调节某些基因的表达[12]。BV作为一种抗氧化剂,被氧化之后转化为胆红素(Bilirubin,BR)。BR是一种ROS强清除剂,能够抑制低密度脂蛋白(Low Densith Lipoprotein,LDL)及其它脂质的氧化,降低血管内皮细胞中ROS水平,减少梗死面积以及再灌注引起的线粒体损伤[13]。研究表明,细胞内过表达或诱导型HO-1的产生,可以抑制主动脉异体移植小鼠的内膜增生及中性粒细胞渗入、趋化因子表达、NF-κB活化及细胞凋亡[14]。BV能减少巨噬细胞和受脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)刺激血管内皮细胞分泌IL-6[15]。在血管系统中诱导产生的HO-1,可能通过BV及BR减少 E-选择素、血管细胞黏附分子-1(Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecular-1,VCAM-1)及细胞间黏附分子(Intercellular Cell Adhesion Molecular-1,ICAM-1)的上调,抑制TNF-α刺激的内皮细胞与中性粒细胞粘着,发挥抗炎作用。
3.2抗凋亡与抗血栓
研究表明,心肌缺血再灌注(Ischemia/Reperfusion,I/R)会引起Caspase3、Caspase9的活化,引发心肌细胞凋亡[16]。CO释放分子-3(CO-Releasing Molecules-3,CORM-3)处理小鼠之后,其心肌细胞中许多凋亡标志分子如NF-κB、信号传导与转录激活因子1/3(Signal Transducer And Activator of Transcription 1/3,STAT1/3)和核因子NF-E2相关因子-2(Nrf2)表达水平明显的降低,具有心脏保护和抗凋亡作用分子表达显著提高[17],而用CO抑制剂处理后,能诱导细胞线粒体中过氧离子积聚,细胞凋亡增加。
血管损伤引起血小板聚集和活化,通过凝血因子和纤维蛋白原等共同作用,在局部形成血栓。HO-1分解血红素产生的内源性CO能提高血小板中环鸟嘌呤核糖苷-3',5'-环磷酸酯(Cyclic Guanosine 3',5'-cyclic Phosphate,cGMP)水平,抑制血小板聚集及血栓形成[18]。血管移植模型经锡卟啉原抑制HO-1活性后,移植血管处发生血小板聚集和动脉血栓形成,最终导致移植排异反应。即HO-1缺陷可能加重血栓形成过程引起的免疫应答反应;过表达HO-1则可对血栓形成起抑制作用[19]。因此,HO-1有抗血栓的作用。
3.3血管调节作用
研究表明,抑制LDL受体基因敲除小鼠HO-1表达,会增加其动脉粥样硬化程度及提高血浆过氧化氢脂质水平[20];心肌细胞过表达HO-1可拮抗再灌注损伤、心肌炎症和氧化损伤,抑制血管平滑肌细胞增殖,阻止动脉粥样硬化斑块发展为脆性斑块[21]。HO-1能降低肥胖大鼠体重,提高胰岛素敏感性及葡萄糖耐量[22-26]。研究表明,HO-1分解产物CO能通过活化可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶(Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase,sGC)直接扩张血管,减少外周阻力,通过调节血管作用分子的产生,降低血管紧张度;能抑制内皮素-1以及许多由细胞色素P450介导的血管收缩成分的产生;还能通过降低中枢交感神经的兴奋性以及促进肾脏的钠离子外排,刺激细胞内储存的NO释放,发挥降血压作用[27]。另外,HO-1在吸烟、高血糖、高血压等心血管疾病危险因子作用时表达量也会增高[28]。
4HO-1基因变异与心血管疾病
作为HO-1的转录调控因子,Nrf2和BACH1在由HO-1表达改变所引起的心血管疾病中有着关键作用[29]。Nrf2信号通路缺陷会引起糖尿病和心血管疾病,增加葡萄糖诱导的心肌细胞凋亡[29-32];BACH1缺陷会促进实验动物的动脉粥样硬化、缺血再灌注损伤及血管损伤[33]。HO-1的启动子区域存在着多态性,其近端至少有一个SNP,-413A/T,它与心血管疾病易感性相关,-413A/T多态性中AA基因型心血管疾病的发病率较低[34];其长谷胱甘肽胸腺嘧啶二核苷酸(Glutathione Thymidine Dinucleotide,GT)重复序列(重复数>29)与HO-1表达成负相关,可能加快动脉粥样硬化进程,增加心血管疾病风险[35]。
5展望
许多临床前或者临床疾病能从药物诱导产生的HO-1中获益,药物诱导HO-1有望成为一种新的心血管疾病的干预措施。而针对HO-1的基因治疗可能比药物诱导HO-1表达更有效。临床前期数据已经证明了用HO-1进行器官特异性基因治疗的可行性:在肺内皮细胞中转染HO-1miRNAs会引起HO-1表达下调,增加对氧化应激敏感性和肺内皮细胞凋亡,以及减少自噬。随着基因载体的发展,用HO-1进行基因治疗的方法将会得到进一步优化,但载体的安全性和有效性是必须考虑的问题,如何在提高疗效的同时,避免产生任何不利影响将是亟待解决的重要挑战。
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靳霄涵(1991—),男,汉族,硕士研究生,研究方向:心血管内科学
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作者简介:本文
[中图分类号]R54
[文献标识码]A
[文章编号]1005-1740(2016)01-0057-04
*[基金项目]国家自然科学基金项目(81170238);天津市科技计划项目(15ZXJZSY00010);天津市心血管重塑与靶器官损伤重点实验室开放基金项目(TJC1401)
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