基于线粒体COⅠ基因序列的辽宁沿海细纹子鱼群体遗传多样性分析

2016-03-09 09:13李玉龙刘修泽李轶平王爱勇王小林
海洋渔业 2016年2期
关键词:细纹黄海核苷酸

李玉龙,刘修泽,李轶平,王爱勇,王小林,董 婧

(辽宁省海洋水产科学研究院,辽宁省海洋生物资源与生态学重点实验室,大连 116023)

李玉龙,刘修泽,李轶平,王爱勇,王小林,董 婧

(辽宁省海洋水产科学研究院,辽宁省海洋生物资源与生态学重点实验室,大连 116023)

细纹子鱼(Liparis tanakae)主要分布于西北太平洋海域的朝鲜半岛、日本和我国渤海、黄海和东海,已成为黄渤海渔业资源的优势种类之一,并在黄渤海生态系统中的扮演着越来越重要的角色。因此,有必要对这一生态优势种的种群状况及遗传背景进行了解。根据线粒体COⅠ基因序列对辽宁沿海不同体色花纹的细纹子鱼辽东湾群体(n=20)和黄海北部群体(n=34)的遗传多样性和群体遗传结构进行了分析。结果表明,长度为623 bp的COⅠ基因片段,其A、T、G、C碱基的平均含量分别为22.3%,32.4%,26.9%,18.4%。在2个群体54 ind个体中共检测得到8个单倍型,其单倍型间遗传差异为0.2%~0.6%。两个群体的单倍型多样性指数和核苷酸多态性指数分别在0.56±0.06和0.70±0.05、0.001 0±0.000 9和0.001 7± 0.001 3之间。分子方差分析显示两群体间无遗传分化。核苷酸不配对分析表明,细纹子鱼群体在50 000~116 000年前经历了群体扩张。

细纹子鱼;线粒体COⅠ基因;遗传多样性;遗传结构

1 材料与方法

1.1 样品采集

图1 子鱼样品取样站位图Fig.1 Sampling locations of snailfishes

1.2 DNA提取、扩增及测序

采用酚/氯仿抽提法从肌肉组织中提取基因组DNA。采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术扩增了COⅠ基因部分序列片段。所用正向引物和反向引 物序列 分别为COⅠ a:5′-cctgcaggaggaggagaycc-3′和COⅠ b:5′-atgcatatctatctgccattttag-3′[22]。

反应体系25μL,包括:0.2 mmol·L-1每种dNTPs,0.2μmol·L-1每种引物,1μL DNA模板,1 U Taq,2.0 mmol·L-1MgCl2,2.5μL 10×缓冲液,灭菌超纯水补足剩余体系。PCR扩增在Gene Amp 9700型PCR仪上进行,反应程序:94℃预变性5 min后,94℃变性50 s,52℃退火1min,72℃延伸1 min,共35个循环,最后72℃下延伸5 min。PCR产物纯化后双向测序(上海英潍捷基)。

图2 子鱼样品的体表特征Fig.2 Body surface characteristics of samples

1.3 数据分析

测定的COⅠ基因序列进行BLAST(http://www.ncbi.nlm.gov/BLAST/)检索,确定序列为目的片段并将其翻译成氨基酸序列以排除假基因干扰。利用CLUSTAL X1.8[25]软件辅以人工校对对序列进行比对及相似性分析。按样品的地理来源将子鱼划分为2个群体,辽东湾20 ind细纹子鱼个体归为一个群体(LD),黄海北部34 ind个体归为黄海北部群体(HB)。用DnaSP v5[26]软件确定单倍型。单倍型多样性指数(h)、核苷酸多样性指数(π)根据Nei的公式由Arlequin 3.01[27]软件计算。采用Mega 3.0软件[28]统计碱基含量、变异位点,采用Kimura双参数模型计算细纹子鱼单倍型间的遗传距离并构建NJ(neighbour-joining)系统树,采用Bootstrap 1000检验分子系统树各分支的置信度。此外,为探讨单倍型的谱系结构,采用中介网络法[29]构建单倍型网络关系图。使用Arlequin 3.01软件中的分子变异分析(AMOVA)[30]来评估群体间遗传变异,其显著性通过1 000次重抽样来检验,群体间的遗传距离采用Kimura 2-parameter模型计算。

通过Arlequin 3.01软件进行中性检验和核苷酸不配对分布分析来检测细纹子鱼的群体历史动态。中性检验由Tajima’D检验[31]和Fu’s Fs检验[32]来验证。统计检验的检验值如果是负值并且显著偏离中性,则可能是群体扩张或瓶颈效应等原因造成的[33]。对于那些没有显著偏离扩张模型的分布,采用广义非线性最小方差法(general non-linear least square)估算扩张参数τ,并通过公式τ=2ut转化为实际的扩张时间,其中u是所研究的整个序列长度的突变速率,其置信区间采用参数重抽样法计算[34]。在棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)[21]以及银鲳(Pampus argenteus)[23]的遗传多样性研究中都采用2%/ MY(百万年)这一线粒体基因的平均进化速率作为鱼类COⅠ基因的突变速率,本研究采用这一速率估算辽宁沿海细纹子鱼群体的扩张时间。另外根据这一进化速率,应用Network 4.6.1.0(http://www.fluxus-technology.com)估算辽宁沿海细纹子鱼群体的扩张时间以检验两种方法估算的群体扩张时间是否一致。

2 结果与分析

2.1 碱基组成及序列变异分析

8个变异位点定义了 8种单倍型(Haplotype1-8),Hap1和Hap5是细纹子鱼群体的主体单倍型,其所占频率分别为44.4%、40.7%,除此之外,其它单倍型仅在1个或2个个体中检测到。8个单倍型在黄海北部群体中都被检测到,辽东湾20 ind个体仅发现3种单倍型(Hap1、Hap5、Hap7),且都为与黄海北部群体的共享单倍型。不同花纹模式的子鱼个体共享同一单倍型,不同子鱼个体间的遗传距离范围为0%~0.6%,属于种内差异水平。单倍型频率及其在两群体中的分布如表1所示。

单倍型多样性指数(h)、核苷酸多样性指数(π)和其它群体多样性指数如表2所示。此外,根据已有资料比较了细纹子鱼与中国沿海其它几种海水鱼类相同基因片段遗传多样性参数(表3)。从表3中可以看出,不管从单倍型多样性指数(0.64±0.04)还是从核苷酸多样性指数(0.14%±0.11%)来看,辽宁沿海细纹子鱼群体的遗传多样性处于中等或相对较低水平。

Tab.1 Variable sites and hap lotype frequencies of COⅠgene fragments of L.tanakae

注:LD代表辽东湾群体,HB代表黄海北部群体Note:LD and HB represent Liaodong Bay and north of the Yellow Sea,respectively

表2 不同群体细纹子鱼COⅠ基因的遗传多样性指数Tab.2 Summary ofmolecular diversity for L.tanakae

表2 不同群体细纹子鱼COⅠ基因的遗传多样性指数Tab.2 Summary ofmolecular diversity for L.tanakae

注:LD代表辽东湾群体,HB代表黄海北部群体Note:LD and HB represent Liaodong Bay and north of the Yellow Sea,respectively

群体Sample样本数Sample size单倍型数No.of haplotype单倍型多样性指数h核苷酸多样性指数/% π Tajima’s D检验Tajima’s D test D P Fu’s Fs检验Fu’s Fs test Fs P群体扩张参数Demographic expansion τ θ0 θ17 0.02 0.97 0 99 999 LD 20 3 0.56±0.06 0.10±0.09 - - - - - - -HB 34 8 0.70±0.05 0.17±0.13 - - - - - - -Total 54 8 0.64±0.04 0.14±0.11-1.35 0.06 -3.4

表3 细纹子鱼与其它几种海水鱼类COⅠ基因遗传多样性参数比较Tab.3 Com parison of genetic parameters of 5 fish species

表3 细纹子鱼与其它几种海水鱼类COⅠ基因遗传多样性参数比较Tab.3 Com parison of genetic parameters of 5 fish species

参考文献Reference细纹子鱼L.tanakae 54 8 0.64±0.04 0.14±0.11群体Sample样本数Sample size单倍型数No.of haplotype单倍型多样性指数h核苷酸多样性指数/% π本研究棘头梅童鱼Collichthys lucidus 209 44 0.79±0.02 1.11±0.02 赵明等[21]银鲳Pampus argenteus 111 33 0.62±0.05 0.2±0.1 吴仁协等[23]大弹涂鱼Boleophthalmus pectinirostris 118 59 0.952 0.27 杨帆等[35]鲚属鱼类Coilia 150 63 0.556~0.933 0.2~0.5 周晓犊等[36]

2.2 单倍型间遗传关系

图3 细纹子鱼不同个体(A)及单倍型(B)NJ系统树(圆圈面积表示单倍型的频率)Fig.3 Neighbor-joining tree show ing the relationship among individuals(A)and COⅠhaplotypes(B)for L.tanakae(Circle areas depict proportions of haplotypes)

表4 辽宁沿海两个细纹子鱼群体的AMOVA分析Tab.4 Analysis of molecular variation for populations of L.tanakae

表4 辽宁沿海两个细纹子鱼群体的AMOVA分析Tab.4 Analysis of molecular variation for populations of L.tanakae

变异来源Variation source自由度d f方差总和Sum of squares变异组分Variance components变异贡献率Percentage of variation F ST P群体间Among population 1 0.104 -0.013 47 -3.14 -0.031 0.97群体内Within population 52 23.045 0.443 17 103.14总数Total 53 23.149 0.429 70 100.00

2.3 群体遗传分化

基于COⅠ基因对细纹子鱼LD和HB群体的分子变异分析表明:103.14%的差异属于群体内差异,群体间差异为-3.14%,FST值为负值(表4),这表明本研究中辽宁沿海两个细纹子鱼群体为同一群体且无遗传分化。

2.4 群体历史动态

用Tajima’D检验[31]和Fu’s Fs检验[32]这两种广泛使用的统计检验方法来进行中性检验,结果见表2。合并数据后总群体的Fu’s Fs值为负值且检验都是显著的(P<0.05),Tajima’D值也为负值且检验接近显著(P=0.06),这表明细纹子鱼经历了明显的群体扩张。

用核苷酸不配对分布(mismatch distribution)分析细纹子鱼群体的历史动态,辽宁沿海细纹子鱼群体核苷酸不配对分布呈现明显的单峰类型(图5),对θ0和θ1进行的估算表明细纹子鱼群体经历了明显的群体增长,提示分布于辽宁沿海的细纹子鱼群体经历了明显的群体扩张。核苷酸不配对分布的峰值τ提供了一个估算群体大致发生扩张的时间。细纹子鱼的τ值的观测值为0.967(95%CI:0.629~1.445)。根据COⅠ2%的进化速率和τ值根据公式τ=2ut推算出的群体扩张时间约为7.76×104年[(0.5~1.16)×105年]。

图4 细纹子鱼单倍型的MJ网络图(数字表示突变位点,圆圈面积表示单倍型的频率)Fig.4 Median-network showing phylogenetic relationships among mtDNA COⅠ gene haplotypes of L.tanakae.(Numbers in the lines represent the sites of nucleotide substitutions,circle areas depict proportions of hap lotypes.)

图5 细纹子鱼COⅠ单倍型的核苷酸不配对分布Fig.5 Observed pairwise difference(bars)and expected mismatch distributions(line)under the sudden expansion model of COⅠgene haplotypes in L.tanakae

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Genetic diversity analysis of snailfish Liparis tanakae in the Liaoning coast based on COⅠgene sequences

LI Yu-long,LIU Xiu-ze,LI Yi-ping,WANG Ai-yong,WANG Xiao-lin,DONG Jing
(Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology,Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science research Institute,Dalian116023,China)

Liparis tanakaeis mainly distributed in the coasts of China,Japan and Korea.As one of the dominate species in the coastal waters of China,it has become the top predator and won high status in fisheries ecosystem in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea.However,little is known about the genetic diversity and population genetic structure ofL.tanakae.In this study,the genetic diversity and population genetic structure ofLiparis tanakaefrom the Liaodong Bay(n=20)and north of the Yellow Sea(n=34)were examined with a 623 bp segment ofmtDNA cytochrome oxidase I(COⅠ)gene.PCR amplification products of 623 bpCOⅠgene fragments were obtained,and the average contents of A,T,C and G were 22.3%,32.4%,26.9%,and 18.4%,respectively.A total of 54 samples were collected and 8 haplotypes were obtained.The genetic distance between haplotypes ranged from 0.2%to 0.6%.Mean haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity for the two populations ranged from 0.56±0.06(Liaodong Bay)to 0.70±0.05(north of the Yellow Sea),and from 0.001 0±0.000 9(Liaodong Bay)to 0.001 7±0.001 3(north of the Yellow Sea),respectively.AMOVA revealed little genetic structure between the Liaodong Bay and north of the Yellow Sea inL.tanakae.Mismatch distribution revealed thatL.tanakaein the Liaoning coast has undergone population expansion,possibly before the last 50 000-116 000 years.

Liparis tanakae;mtDNACOⅠgene;genetic diversity;population genetic structure

Q 244

A

1004-2490(2016)02-0120-10

2015-12-01

海洋公益性行业科研专项黄渤海重要经济生物产卵场修复与重建技术集成与示范(201405010);辽宁省海洋与渔业科研项目(201401)

李玉龙(1981-),山东临沂人,助理研究员,主要从事渔业资源增殖放流及海洋生物分子生物学研究。E-mail:liyudragon@126.com

董 婧,研究员。E-mail:1024470248@qq.com

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