红景天苷对神经退行性疾病作用的研究进展

2016-03-06 13:28张伟赵俊杰李涛陈建宗
湖南中医药大学学报 2016年7期

张伟,赵俊杰,李涛,陈建宗*

(第四军医大学西京医院中医药研究中心,陕西西安710032)

·文献综述·

红景天苷对神经退行性疾病作用的研究进展

张伟,赵俊杰,李涛,陈建宗*

(第四军医大学西京医院中医药研究中心,陕西西安710032)

红景天苷(Salidroside,Sal)是景天科植物红景天的主要活性成分之一。研究显示,Sal在帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)、阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)和亨丁顿舞蹈症(Huntington's disease,HD)中的氧化和抗氧化系统起到双向调节作用。此外,Sal在PD和AD中可通过维持线粒体功能、减少ROS生成和增加抗凋亡蛋白和凋亡蛋白的比例以抑制细胞凋亡,进而促进神经元存活。但其在神经退行性疾病中的具体机制,如Sal通过哪种机制调控线粒体形态和功能的稳定以及Sal在疾病模型中的体内代谢分布改变等,仍有待进一步深入研究和临床验证。本文仅就Sal对神经退行性疾病的作用研究进展进行综述,为进一步研究提供参考。

红景天苷;神经退行性疾病;帕金森氏病;阿尔茨海默病;亨丁顿舞蹈症;作用机制

〔Abstract〕Salidroside(Sal)is one of the main active ingredients in Rhodiola belonging to Crassulaceae.Studies show that Sal plays a role in the regulation of both excitatory and inhibitory in the oxidation and antioxidant system in the Parkinson's disease(PD),Alzheimer's disease(AD)and Huntington's disease(HD).In addition,Sal can inhibit the apoptosis by maintaining the mitochondrial function,accelerating the reduction of ROS generation and increasing the proportion of anti apoptosis and apoptosis proteins,and then promote the survival of neurons in PD and AD.Therefore,it has broad potential application in the clinical treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.However,the specific mechanisms of Sal,such as what is the mechanism of stabling the mitochondrial morphology and function,and the changes of the metabolic distribution in the neurodegenerative disease model,which are still need to be further studied both in vitro and in vivo study.This paper reviews the role of salidroside in neurodegenerative diseases and provides reference for further study.

〔Keywords〕salidroside;neurodegenerative diseases;Parkinson's disease;Alzheimer's disease;Huntington's disease;mechanism of action

红景天苷(Salidroside,Sal),又名2-(4-羟基苯基)乙基-β-D-葡萄糖苷,是景天科植物红景天(藏语名称:苏罗玛宝)的主要活性成分之一。藏《四部医典》中记载红景天“性平、味涩,善润肺、能补肾、理气养血,主治周身乏力、胸闷、恶心、体虚等症。”《中华人民共和国药典》谓红景天“甘、苦、平,归肺、心经,益气活血,通脉平喘。用于气虚血瘀,胸痹心痛,中风偏瘫,倦怠气喘。”现代药理学研究表明,Sal具有强大的抗氧化特性[1-3],不仅可以保护神经元、调节中枢神经递质,而且在抗凋亡方面发挥重要作用[4-5]。RNA微阵列数据方法研究显示,在神经胶质细胞中经Sal调控的基因高达1 052种,其中与神经系统疾病相关的基因约为95种,其表现为可以多靶点调控细胞应答以作用于不同的细胞信号通路和分子网络[6]。本文仅就Sal对神经退行性疾病的作用研究进展进行综述,为进一步研究提供参考。

1 帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)

1.1Sal对多巴胺(Dopamine,DA)能神经元的作用

PD是一种常见于中老年人的中枢神经退行性疾病,其临床表现主要包括静止性震颤、运动迟缓、肌强直和姿势步态障碍,同时患者可伴有抑郁、便秘和睡眠障碍等非运动症状[7-8]。研究发现,Sal可以显著改善1-甲基-4-苯基本1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶诱导的PD模型小鼠的行为协调能力,在爬杆试验中,Sal治疗小鼠的完全向下和爬到底部的时间较PD小鼠均显著延长[9]。相关研究显示,当黑质致密部(substantia nigra pars compacta,SNpc)的DA能神经元丢失至少50%,DA衰减80%时,即会出现运动和行为障碍症状[10]。多巴胺转运体(dopamine transporter,DAT)位于DA神经元突触前膜上,具有保证突触的正常生理功能,而酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)可以催化L-二羟基苯丙氨酸(L-DOPA)的形成是DA生物合成中的限速步骤,在PD患者中TH和DAT均呈进行性减少[11-13]。研究发现,Sal可以提高TH阳性神经元数量和TH蛋白的表达量,而且DA含量和DAT阳性神经元存活的数量也增多[9,14]。胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(glial cell line-derived ne urotrophic factor,GDNF)缺失的转基因小鼠中呈时间依赖性黑质纹状体DA减少,运动功能障碍、神经炎症和氧化应激增加[15-16]。Sal处理的PD小鼠纹状体内源性GDNF分泌水平和表达量明显增加[17]。

1.2Sal对氧化应激(Oxidative stress,OS)的作用

PD的病理特点表现为残存的神经元胞质内出现以聚集化α-突触核蛋白(α-Synuclein,α-Syn)为主要成分的路易小体(Lewy body,LB)[18]。大量的研究证实,PD患者中α-Syn的异常聚体或突变可以促进线粒体凋亡,进而引发黑质神经元的凋亡,而活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)和NO则进一步刺激α-Syn的聚集[19-21]。研究发现,Sal在减少ROS和NO的生成的同时,呈剂量依赖性地降低α-Syn水平[14,22]。此外,Sal通过激活NF-E2相关因子2(NF-E2-related factor 2,Nrf2)以提高体内抗氧化水平[23]。Sal还可以通过3’5’-环磷酸腺苷(3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP)依赖的通路发挥抗氧化作用,抑制H2O2引起的ROS增加和细胞内自由Ca2+的聚集,而对鸟苷-3',5'-环化-磷酸(guanosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate,cGMP)没有影响[22]。

1.3Sal对线粒体功能障碍的作用

线粒体功能障碍已被广泛认为是PD患者神经元凋亡诱发和加剧的主要原因[24-26]。研究发现,内源性或外源性刺激均可导致线粒体发生功能障碍,包括线粒体膜电位(mitochondrial membrane potential,MMP)缺失、膜渗透率降低、细胞色素C(cytochrome-C,Cyt-c)和半胱天冬酶第二线粒体源性激活子(second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases,Smac)释放至细胞浆,进而诱发线粒体凋亡,引发超氧阴离子(superoxide,O2-)、H2O2、羟基自由基(hydroxyl radical,OH-)和过氧亚硝基阴离子(peroxynitrite,ONOO-)大量释放,其又可以作为内源性刺激因素加速线粒体凋亡,从而产生恶性循环,导致细胞大量凋亡[27-29]。体内外实验证实,Sal可以减少Cyt-c和Smac的释放,以维持线粒体功能正常[9]。

1.4Sal对细胞凋亡的作用

细胞凋亡与PD关系密切,是最常见的最终路径。磷脂酰肌醇激酶(PI3K)蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,PKB或Akt)通路参与细胞的发育、分化、增殖和凋亡。糖原合成酶激酶3β(Glycogen synthase kinase,GSK-3β)是丝氨酸/苏氨酸类激酶,是凋亡的主要调节因子。Sal可以增加磷酸化Akt(Ser473)以保护细胞存活和减轻损伤,并抑制磷酸化GSK-3β(Ser9),而使用PI3K特异性抑制剂后Sal的保护作用消失[30-31]。Bcl-2家族蛋白是细胞凋亡的调控基因,Bcl-2蛋白是Bcl-2原癌基因的编码产物是一种抗凋亡蛋白,Bax蛋白是一种Bcl-2家族的促凋亡蛋白,一旦Bcl-2/Bax的比率失衡,则可加速细胞凋亡。Sal在体内外均可以促进Bcl-2/Bax比率恢复平衡,进而促进TH阳性神经元的存活[9],还可以减少caspase-3、caspase-6和caspase-9的激活以阻止细胞的凋亡进程[31-33]。

2 阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)

AD是以在大脑皮层和海马出现以β-淀粉样肽(Aβ)为主要成分的神经元纤维缠结(Neurofibrillary tangles,NFT)和神经元丢失为主要病理改变的神经系统退行性疾病,主要临床特点是进行性认知障碍和记忆力减退[34-35]。

2.1Sal对氧化应激的作用

抗氧化系统功能紊乱和ROS水平升高能促进Aβ聚积。体内研究表明,Sal可以显著改善Aβ1-40诱导的AD大鼠模型的学习和记忆水平,同时降低海马烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)氧化酶诱导的OS水平;体外研究则发现Sal不仅可以提高抗氧化酶[包括硫氧化还原蛋白(thioredoxin,Trx),血红素加氧酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)和过氧化物酶-I(peroxiredoxin-I,PrxI)]的活性,而且可以降低SOD活性和MDA含量,从而抑制海马神经元的变性及凋亡[36-38]。在链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)诱导的AD大鼠模型中,经Sal预处理可以显著改善大鼠海马的OS水平,而且Sal也可以缓解STZ诱导的海马神经干细胞原代培养内源性ROS生成[39]。研究还发现Sal可以减轻海马的炎症水平,以减少诱导ROS生成水平,影响凋亡相关蛋白,从而改善AD症状[36]。

2.2Sal对细胞凋亡的作用

细胞凋亡与AD关系密切,一方面Aβ可通过激活线粒体凋亡途径诱导海马神经元凋亡,另一方面导致Bcl-2/Bax的比率失调,促进细胞凋亡。研究表明,Sal可呈剂量依赖性地恢复MMP下降,抑制Cyt-c的释放,而且可以促进Bcl-2/Bax的比率恢复,抑制Caspase级联反应激活,从而抑制细胞凋亡[37,40]。谷氨酸在哺乳动物大脑中是主要的兴奋性氨基酸,谷氨酸兴奋性毒性损伤在参与神经退行性疾病神经细胞死亡中起着关键作用[41]。研究显示Sal可以显著抑制由氯化钾和谷氨酸诱导的[Ca2+]i内流的过度增加,并抑制Ca2+的释放,以减轻兴奋性毒素对细胞的凋亡作用[42]。进一步研究发现,Sal可以抑制Aβ25-35诱导的c-Jun氨基末端激酶[c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase,JNK]和p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 MAPK)磷酸化以抵抗神经毒素诱发的细胞凋亡[37]。而在H2O2诱导的细胞凋亡模型中发现,Sal可调控ERK1/2以发挥抗凋亡作用,而经MAPK的抑制剂预处理后可以阻断Sal激活ERK通路[43]。

3 亨丁顿舞蹈症(Huntington's disease,HD)

HD是一种常染色体显性遗传的三核苷酸重复序列的遗传性疾病,可导致纹状体和大脑皮层神经元退行性变性,临床表现为运动、认知和精神方面发生功能性障碍[44]。异常htt基因染色体4p16.3位点的CAG过度扩张导致了遗传变异的机制已非常明确,但是对于神经细胞的死亡机制及靶向性针对纹状体神经元的机制仍然未知[45]。多聚谷氨酰胺(Polyglutamine,polyQ)的聚集在HD的病理过程中起着重要作用,因此针对减少polyQ诱导产生功能障碍和应激的治疗方法获得广泛关注。利用转基因线虫模型发现,Sal能减少polyQ诱导产生的行为功能障碍和神经元死亡,而对polyQ本身的聚集则无影响,并可以增加抗氧化酶活性,减少ROS水平和脂质过氧化物,说明Sal可以通过减轻OS诱发的损伤以保护神经元[46]。

4 结语

Sal可通过维持线粒体功能、加速ROS清除以抑制细胞凋亡,进而促进细胞存活。并在神经退行性疾病中的氧化和抗氧化系统起到兴奋和抑制的双向调节作用。因此,在神经退行性疾病临床治疗和预防中具有广阔的应用前景。然而,虽然对Sal的保护作用进行了广泛的探索,但其在神经退行性疾病中的具体机制,如Sal通过哪种机制调控线粒体形态和功能的稳定,是否可以调控线粒体自噬以促进损伤线粒体的清除,如何调控ROS的生成和清除,以及Sal在疾病模型中的体内代谢分布改变等,仍有待进一步深入研究和临床验证。

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(本文编辑匡静之)

Progress on the Role of Salidroside in Neurodegenerative Diseases

ZHANG Wei,ZHAO Junjie,LI Tao,CHEN Jianzong*
(Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Xijing Hospital,Fourth Military Medical University,Xi'an,Shaanxi 710032,China)

R248;R245.32

A

10.3969/j.issn.1674-070X.2016.07.023

2015-09-11

国家自然科学基金项目(81173590)。

张伟,男,在读博士研究生,研究方向:中西医结合临床老年脑病。

〔通迅作者〕*陈建宗,男,教授、主任医师,博士研究生导师,E-mail:jzchen57@fmmu.edu.cn。