李宇亮, 杨思语, 张文杉
(长安大学 环境科学与工程学院, 陕西 西安 710064)
温敏性离子液体氯化N-丁基吡啶双水相体系相图的测定及关联
李宇亮, 杨思语, 张文杉
(长安大学 环境科学与工程学院, 陕西 西安 710064)
利用浊点法测定了氯化N-丁基吡啶([Epy]Cl)-磷酸氢二钾(K2HPO4·3H2O)-水(H2O)双水相体系在常压和308.15、318.15、328.15 K三个温度下的双节线数据,并通过matlab编程验证测定数据的准确性,绘制相图探讨温度对双水相形成的影响。利用经验公式对得到的双节线和系线数据进行关联,得到的相关性良好。研究表明:温度对该体系的分相能力影响不大。研究结果即可以作为双水相体系应用于萃取分离的分相基础,又可作为从双水相回收离子液体的依据。
氯化N-丁基吡啶;磷酸氢二钾;液液相平衡;双水相体系;温度
双水相系统(ATPS)是一种由两相组合在一起高于临界值时形成的互不相溶的水相系统,其组成可以是结构不同的聚合物[1],一种聚合物和一种盐[2],离子液体和一种盐[3],或小分子有机溶剂和一种盐[4]。与传统的分离萃取方法相比,双水相具有反应时间短、耗能低等优点,并且现已广泛地应用于分离萃取DNA[5]、抗体[6]、蛋白质[7]等,具有良好的研究潜力。
Gutowski等人提出了一种新的双水相体系—离子液体-盐[8]。对于离子液体的定义是由特定的阳离子和阴离子组成的具有不易挥发、不易燃等优点的低温熔盐。近年来,在蛋白质、抗生素、氨基酸等生物分离分析中得到了广泛地研究与应用[9~11]。目前离子液体双水相体系主要集中于咪唑类离子液[12,13],针对于吡啶类离子液体双水相体系的报道较少。研究表明,吡啶类离子液体在既能形成双水相体系的同时也具有良好的萃取分离性能[14~16]。此外,离子液体存在价格昂贵的缺点,寻找便宜、高效的离子液体是目前研究关注的焦点与热点。氯盐离子液体具有独特的性质且价格低廉,常用作改性离子液体的基质,氯化N-丁基吡啶双水相体系的研究尚未见报到。同时,磷酸氢二钾作为双水相体系中常用的盐,具有良好的分离性能,易于形成双水相体系。离子液体-盐双水相体系组成不同,对于温度的响应规律也不同。
本文将离子液体氯化N-丁基吡啶和磷酸氢二钾相结合,形成了三元双水相体系,并利用浊点法在308.15、318.15、328.15 K三个温度下测定双节线数据和液液相平衡数据,采用经验方程进行拟合,并研究温度对该体系相平衡的影响,得到的结果有助于对离子液体的应用进行工业化推广。
2.1 主要仪器与试剂
分析天平(塞多利斯科学仪器(北京)有限公司);101-1A型超级恒温水浴锅(南京多助科技发展有限公司),氯化N-丁基吡啶[Epy]Cl(上海成捷化学有限公司)纯度≥99.9%,磷酸氢二钾[K2HPO4·3H2O](国药集团化学试剂有限公司),纯度≥99.0%。所有试剂使用时均无需进行进一步纯化。实验用水为二次蒸馏水。
2.2 实验方法
双节线曲线利用浊点滴定法测定[17,18]。把已知质量分数的离子液体[Epy]Cl溶液放在比色管中,向里滴加一定质量分数的盐溶液[K2HPO4·3H2O]直到混合溶液出现浊点。然后滴加一定量的水直到浊点刚好澄清,算出此时各个组分的质量百分含量。然后继续滴加盐溶液直到下一个浊点出现。反复操作。实验过程中质量用分析天平测量,比色管分别在温度为308.15、318.15、328.15 K的恒温水浴锅内操作。
双水相系线的测定:同样在温度为308.15、318.15、328.15 K的恒温水浴锅内进行,一定量的离子液体[Epy]Cl,盐[K2HPO4·3H2O]和水加入到离心管中,然后以2000 r·min-1的速度离心操作10 min,再将离心管放置在水浴中恒温静置24 h,保证双水相完全形成。上下相中离子液体是通过液相色谱测定阳离子得到,盐的浓度通过原子吸收测定钾离子含量得到,水通过质量守恒定律相减得到[19,20]。
系线的校对:达到相平衡后的双水相体系,准确分离上下相,并分别精确称量上下相的质量。根据双水相体系的总组成,利用杠杆原理,通过软件MATLAB可快速计算出离子液体双水相体系液液相平衡(ILATPS)上相和下相中的离子液体[Epy]Cl和盐[K2HPO4·3H2O]的含量[21~23]。系线长度TLL,系线斜率S利用如下公式而得:
其中w1t,w1b,w2t,w2b分别为离子液体[Epy]Cl上相,下相,盐[K2HPO4·3H2O]上相,下相的质量百分数。
3.1 双节线数据的关联
对三元系统氯化N-丁基吡啶([Epy]Cl)+ 磷酸氢二钾(K2HPO4·3H2O)+ 水(H2O)双水相体系在T=308.15、318.15、328.15 K三个温度下的双节线和系线数据绘制图见图1,并采用Merchuk方程[24]对双节线数据进行关联,方程如下所示:
式中w1、w2分别代表离子液体[Epy]Cl和盐K2HPO4·3H2O的质量分数,方程(3)拟合得到的a,b,c,R2和相对标准偏差sd在表1中给出。
图1 [Epy]Cl + K2HPO4·3H2O + H2O体系在温度为308.15K、318.15K和328.15K下的双节线数据和系线数据Fig.1 Binodal curves and tie lines of [Epy]Cl + K2HPO4·3H2O + H2O ATPSs at 308.15, 318.15 and 328.15 K
为了提高精确度,采用另外两个非线性方程对双节线进行拟合:
同样,由方程(4)拟合得到的参数a,b,c,d,R2,sd和方程(5)拟合得到的参数a1,b1,a2,b2,c,R2,sd分别在表2和表3中给出从表1,表2和表3可以看出,三个经验方程对所研究体系均具有良好的拟合效果。通过比较三个方程的线性相关系数R2和相对标准偏差(sd)可以看出方程(3)的拟合效果最好。表明Merchuk方程在离子液体双水相体系的拟合过程中具有更好的适用性[25]。
表1 [Epy]Cl-K2HPO4·3H2O-H2O三元体系关于方程(3)的参数结果及标准偏差Table 1 Parameters of Eq.(3) andsddata for the [Epy]Cl-K2HPO4·3H2O-H2O systems
表2 [Epy]Cl-KHPO·3HO-HO三元体系关于方程(4)的参数结果及标准偏差2422Table 2 Parameters of Eq.(4) andsddata for the [Epy]Cl-K2HPO4·3H2O-H2O systems
3.2 温度对双节线的影响
三元系统氯化N-丁基
吡啶([Epy]Cl)+磷酸氢二钾(K2HPO4·3H2O)+ 水(H2O)双水相体系在T= 308.15、318.15 、328.15 K三个温度下的温度对比图如图2所示。由图中可以看出三条双节线轨迹相互重叠,表明了温度对该体系分相能力没有影响。这与[C4mim][Br]+K2HPO4+H2O体系随温度基本没有变化相同[26],但与氨基酸咪唑盐离子液体双水相随温度下降成相能力增强的规律不同[27],也不同于[C4mim][BF4] + Na3C6H5O7/(NH4)3C6H5O7+ H2O体系和经典的聚合物双水相体系随温度的变化规律[28]。
3.3 液液相平衡数据的关联
表3 [Epy]Cl-K2HPO4·3H2O-H2O三元体系关于方程(5)的参数结果及标准偏差Table 3 Parameters of Eq.(5) andsddata for the [Epy]Cl-K2HPO4·3H2O-H2O systems
图2 温度对[Epy]Cl-K2HPO4·3H2O-H2O双水相体系的影响Fig.2 Effect of temperature on binodal curves for the [Epy]Cl-K2HPO4·3H2O-H2O aqueous two-phase system■ 308.15 K ○ 318.15 K △ 328.15 K
氯化N-丁基吡啶([Epy]Cl)+磷酸氢二钾(K2HPO4·3H2O)+水(H2O)双水相体系在T=308.15、318.15、328.15 K三个温度下的液液相平衡数据、系线的长度及斜率如表4所示。
表4 [Epy]Cl-K2HPO4·3H2O-H2O三元体系在三个温度下的液液相平衡数据、系线长度及斜率Table 4 Liquid–liquid equilibrium data, tie-line TLL and S for the [Epy]Cl-K2HPO4·3H2O-H2O systems at different temperatures
采用Setschenow-type 方程(6)[29]和另外一个由两个参数组成的方程(7)进行关联:
其中c1,c2,kIL,ks分别代表离子液体摩尔浓度、盐摩尔浓度、离子液体活度系数和盐析常数。上标t,b分别代表离子液体相和盐相。所得相关系数(R2)和标准偏差(sd)如表5所示。w1、w2分别代表离子液体[Epy]Cl和盐K2HPO4·3H2O的质量分数,β,k分别代表盐析常数和活度系数。所得的相关系数(R2)和标准偏差(sd)列于表6。
表5 [Epy]Cl-K2HPO4·3H2O-H2O三元体系关于方程(6)的参数结果及标准偏差Table 5 Parameters of Eq(6) andsddata for the [Epy]Cl-K2HPO4·3H2O-H2O systems
表6 [Epy]Cl-K2HPO4·3H2O-H2O三元体系关于方程(7)的参数结果及标准偏差Table 6 Parameters of Eq.(7) andsddata for the [Epy]Cl-K2HPO4·3H2O-H2O systems
从表中可以看出,利用方程(6)、(7)对所研究的离子液体双水相体系进行关联,结果令人满意。方程(7)的拟合精度更高一些。
离子液体氯化N-丁基吡啶([Epy]Cl)可以和磷酸氢二钾(K2HPO4·3H2O)在水溶液中形成双水相体系。采用常见的经验公式对得到的液液相平衡数据进行拟合,Merchuk方程对于双节线的拟合精度更高。相图表明该体系上下相组成服从杠杆原理。由于不同离子液体对温度的敏感程度不同,对于本体系的离子液体,温度对体系的分相能力影响不明显。从相图得到的规律为萃取分离提供分相基础,同时加入盐有助于离子液体从水溶液中析出,可作为离子液体回收再利用的理论依据。
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Measurement and Correlation of Phase Diagram of the Thermosensitive Ionic Liquid ( [Epy]Cl ) Aqueous Two-Phase System
LI Yu-liang, YANG Si-yu, ZHANG Wen-shan
(School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi'an 710064, China)
Binodal data of the [Epy]Cl + K2HPO4·3H2O + H2O aqueous two-phase system was determined by cloud-point method under atmospheric pressure and T = 308.15, 318.15 and 328.15 K, respectively. The tie-line data was measured and verified with Matlab, and the effect of temperature on phase forming was studied via phase diagram. Empirical equations were used to correlate the binodal and tie-line data, which show good agreement with experimental data. The results demonstrate that the phase forming ability is maintained with temperature variation, which is important in the applications of antibiotic separation and ionic liquid recovery.
[Epy]Cl; K2HPO4·3H2O; liquid–liquid equilibrium; aqueous two-phase system;temperature
O642.42
A
10.3969/j.issn.1003-9015.2016.06.029
1003-9015(2016)06-1445-06
2016-04-06;
2016-06-27。
国家大学生创新创业项目(201610710078,201610710069);长安大学中央高校基本基金(310829153507,310829161112,310829161013)。
李宇亮(1983-),男,山西偏关人,长安大学副教授,博士。
李宇亮,E-mail:yulianglee175@chd.edu.cn