Overview of Pharmacological&Ecological Research of Scirpus tabernaemontani Gmel

Jiang GONG，Wenjin XU，Yarong MA，Xiaowei ZHANG，Dongdong ZHAO，Jiahua HU，Lei YU，Haiyan HUANG，Shifeng Nl*.Department of Medicine，Tibet Nationality College，Xianyang 708，China；.The College of Life Sciences，Northwest University，Xi’an 70069，China；.Physics Department，Northwest University，Xi’an 70069，China

Overview of Pharmacological&Ecological Research of Scirpus tabernaemontani Gmel

Jiang GONG1，Wenjin XU2，Yarong MA2，Xiaowei ZHANG3，Dongdong ZHAO3，Jiahua HU3，Lei YU3，Haiyan HUANG2，Shifeng Nl2*
1.Department of Medicine，Tibet Nationality College，Xianyang 712082，China；
2.The College of Life Sciences，Northwest University，Xi’an 710069，China；
3.Physics Department，Northwest University，Xi’an 710069，China

On the basis of extensive literature search，the species，ingredients，pharmacology，clinical applications，ecological value and cultivation techniques of Scirpus tabernaemontani Gmel have been reviewed，to provide scientific data for further research&development.

Scirpus tabernaemontani Gmel；Pharmacology；Clinical applications；Ecological value；Cultivation techniques

l ntroduction to Scirpus tabernaemontani Gmel

Scirpus tabernaemontani G-mel is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family Scirpus tabernaemontani genre known by the common names softsterm bulrush and great bulrush［1］.It is a perennial herb producing dense stands of many narrow erect stems reaching 1-2 m，shape like green Chinese onion but much thinner.The stem is in cylindrical shape，hollow inside.It grows from a long rhizome system with many fibrous roots；it can be found in various wetland environment，both at home and abroad［2］.S.validus f."Mosaic"is a variant of Scirpus tabernaemontani，and with yellow-greenish cyclic annular streaks，it has more ornamental value than the original strain［3］.

Components

LIU［4］reported that Scirpus tabernaemontani contained the following components:styrene，camphor，borneol，menthol，styrene ether， isopiperitenone，eucarvone，ethanone，α-aromadendrene，4，7，7α-trimethyl-5，6，7，7α-tetrahydro benzofuranone，fluorene and phenanthrene.

Pharmacological Actions

FAN［5］used ethanol，n-hexane，acetone and butyl alcohol as a solvent to extract the Scirpus tabernaemontani plants，and the inhibitory zone method was used to test the antibacterial effects of the various extracts on seven normal microbials，namely，Escherichia coli，Staphylococcus aureus，Streptococcus mutans，Streptococcus oralis，Bacillus subtilis，Aspergillus and Penicillium.The results showed that Scirpus tabernaemontani extracts could inhibit the growth of seven normal microbial.

Clinical Applications

GU［6-7］reported that the treatment of 60 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia （BPH）proved that long-term use of Scirpus tabernaemontani could prevent BPH，reduce the residual urine volume，improve lower urinarytract symptoms and maximal urinary flow rate（Qmax）.

Ecological Values

Effects on heavy metals

Accumulation ability of Cd in water body:the heavy metals in the water environment had high toxicity to aquatic animals and plants and hard to remove，and the pollution not only affected the aquatic ecological system but also threated human health［8］. Through accumulation in the body and absorption of the roots system，Scirpus tabernaemontani showed significant effects on the purification of heavy metals in water body［9］.Observations and research have found that Scirpus tabernaemontani had great tolerance to Cd pollution of high levels in the soil，and high rate of bioaccumulation to Cd［10-11］.

Accumulation ability of Pb in water body:Pb is one of the known pollutants of heavy metal with the largest toxicity，and it has strong cumulativity and irreversibility.Scirpus tabernaemontani showed significant effects on the purification of Pb2+in water body through accumulation in the body and absorption of the roots system［12］.

Accumulation ability of Zn in water body:wetland plant Scirpus tabernaemontani was hydroponically cultured with different concentrations of treatment of ZnCl2solutions （0，50，100，300，800，1 500 and 2 500 mg/L），and the results showed that zinc ion concentrations of treatment solutions were different in different parts of Scirpus tabernaemontani［13］.

Removal of mercury in water body:Skinner［14］reported that Scirpus tabernaemontani plants were exposed to concentrations of 0，0.5 or 2 mg/L of mercury for 30 d，and Microtox（water）and cold vapor Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy（AAS0 were used to detect the roots and water.The Microtox results indicated that the mercury induced acute toxicity had been removed from the water，and AAS confirmed an increase of mercury within the plant root tissue and a corresponding decrease of mercury in the water.

Removal of heavy metals in mine drainage:Scirpus tabernaemontani showed good removal effects on the heavy metals（Cu，Zn，Ni，Mn，Cd）in mine drainage，especially good to the removal of Ni，Mn and Cd with the removal rate reaching over 80%.Therefore，Scirpus tabernaemontani is suitable to be used as artificial wetland plant to treat and purify the heavy metals in mine drainage［15-16］.

Effects on organic pollutants

Degradation of pentachlorophenol:pentachlorophenol and its sodium salts were widely used as a fungicide and wood preservatives.However，with stable chemical property，long residual period，high toxicity，broadspectrum toxicity and mutagenicity to organisms，it was listed as the prior monitoring organic pollutant with longlasting effects in the environment.And scientists had attached great importance to its existence and treatment. Scirpus tabernaemontani showed certain accumulation ability to pentachlorophenol.And therefore，it is feasible to use Scirpus tabernaemontani to remediate pentachlorophenol，the hardly biodegradable organic pollutant，in the soil［17-20］.

Phytoremediation of BDE-209: due to its excellent inflaming retarding performances， Decabromodiphenyl ether was widely used as a bromide flaming retardants.In recent years，it found that it had long-lasting effects，which was easy to bioaccumulate and had endocrine disrupting effects. Aquatic macrophyte of Scirpus tabernaemontani Gmel showed good phytoremediation effects on BDE-209 in sediment，which was also one of the most promising remediation techniques to solve the organic pollutants in sediment at present［21］.

Effects on water eutrophication

Water eutrophication and organic pesticides pollution were the main aspects of water pollution.Scirpus tabernaemontani showed certain purification effects on nitrogen，phosphorus and other nutrients in the eutrophic body of water，making it able to be used to carry out the phytoremediation of this kind of water bodies［22-24］.FU［25］reported that Scirpus tabernaemontani showed significant purification effects on the highly salty reuse water in Tianjin-Economic and Technology Development Area Landscape River（short for TEDA），and had significant purification effects on the pollutants of COD，TN，NH3-N，NO3-N，TP，PO4-P in the water.LIU［26］studied the removal efficiency of 6 macrophyte species（Phragmites communis，Typha angustifolia，Acorus calamus，Nymphaea tetragona，Scripus validus，and Pontederia cordata）for nitrogen and phosphorus by growing them in eutrophic ponds.And the results showed that Scripus validus and Acorus calamus showed the highest removal efficiency for nitrogen and phosphorus.Especially Scripus validus by，it was easy to grow and had good adaptability，making it worthy to be applied in water treatment.

Anti-cyanobacterial allelopathic effects

Nakai［27］reported that in order to find out the suitable artificial floating island plant，the methanol extracts of Scirpus were investigated by observing the effects on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa，and the results showed that the roots of Scirpus contained antimicrobial ingredients，making it a good artificial floating island plant.

Effects on pesticides in water body

Removal of chlorpyrifos:chlorpyrifos was a kind of pesticide，which had large-consumption in Chinese agricultural and high detection rate in water environment.It was of great economic and social values to screen out safe，economic and effective aquatic plants to treat and remediate the pollution of chlorpyrifos to water. Scirpus showed good removal efficiency for chlorpyrifos in water body［28-30］.

Degradation of dinethoate in water:dinethoate was a commonly used phosphorus peticide.Due to the unreasonable application， a lot of dimethoate ran into the surface water with the rainfall runoff without absorption，causing organic pollution.Scirpus could promote the removal of dimethoate in aqueous solution［31］.

Removal of nicosulfuron:LI［32］reported that Scirpus showed certain absorption effects on nicosulfuron in artificial wetland environment，in which the root system played an important part.

Removal of atrazine:WANG［33］found that elevated concentration of atrazine （＞8 mg/L）had significant ef-fects on biomass and physiological characteristics of Scirpus tabernaemontani，decreasing the peroxidase（POD）activity，root activity，chlorophyll content，leaf relative water content and fresh weight，increasing MDA content. However，there was no significant effect in low concentrations.

Cultivation Techniques

Breeding methods

It could achieve the division propagation by using the thizoid stolon.Between the spring equinox and the Qingming Festival，cut open the stolon，first plant in pots or jars，and then transplant to a suitable planting area when the plant grow into the height of 50-60 cm［3］.CHEN［34］used Scirpus tabernaemontani in Northwest Yunnan as materials to establish the tissue culture technology.And the explant disinfection method was as follows:after cold storage for 48 h，the bud was treated with 70%ethanol for 30 s，and then 0.1%HgCl2for 8 min. The best proliferation culture medium formula was:1/2MS+6-BA2.0+IBA 0.02 mg/L，adding 20 g/L of sugar，making the proliferation coefficient reach 12.17.The best rooting medium formula was MS+AC 1 g/L，MS+IBA 0.01 mg/L，making the rooting rate reach 100%，85%，respectively.The survival rate of acclimatization and transplant reached 100%.

Potting Scirpus

Select the pots with no drainage hole，dig the wild roots and cut into pieces before the budding in early spring or after the leaves falling in autumn，put them in the loose soil at the 3/4 of the height，bury the prepared root blocks evenly in the soil at 2-3 cm with enough water，put in the place with strong sunshine，and keep the soil in the pot wet［1］.

Water planting Scirpus

With certain ornamental value，Scirpus tabernaemontani is a suitable kind of aquatic flowers to construct artificial waterscape in residential area［35-36］.

Culture environments

ZHAO［37］studied the growth characteristics and resistance-realted matters （MDA，proline）of the Scirpus tabernaemontani（experimental group）grown in the zero ground water level environment，and compared with the Scirpus tabernaemontani （control group）grown in the normal water environment（with water flooding about 20 cm）to find the effects of ground water level on the growth of Scirpus tabernaemontani when the ground water level changed into zero.The results showed that ground water level changing into zero was unfavorable for the growth of Scirpus tabernaemontani，but reduced the productivity of the wetland ecological system with Scirpus tabernaemontani as the major plants.ZHANG［38］systematically analyzed the planting methods among Iris pseudacorus，Scirpus validus and Acorus calamus with normal planting density but different planting models which were pure plantation，mixed by group plants，and mixed by individual plant.The results showed that when I.pseudacorus and A.calamus were mix-planted with S.validus separately，S.validus would exhibit a faster elongation in the stem to restrain the former two.Studied the optimal soil and water characteristics most suitable for the growth of Scirpus tabernaemontani，including the content of organic matter，soil fertility，conductivity，pH value，soil property，temperature etc.

Summary and Prospect

Scirpus tabernaemontani is an important factor in water scenery designing，and it also can effectively purify and maintain the water quality of the landscape water，making it play an important role in the environment of green remediation because of its beautiful appearance with ornamental value，and because it is an important aquatic flowers.There is pretty little research on the components，pharmacology and clinical application of Scirpus tabernaemontani，and therefore it is worthwhile to strengthen the relevant research.With the promotion of people’s awareness of green environment，Scirpus tabernaemontani will surely be widely applied in ecological environmental protection and medical treatments.

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Responsible editor:Na LI

Responsible proofreader:Xiaoyan WU

水葱药学及生态价值研究概况

巩江1，徐文进2，马亚荣2，张小伟3，赵冬冬3，胡家华3，宇磊3，黄海艳2，倪士峰2*（1.西藏民族学院医学院，陕西咸阳 712082；2西北大学生命科学学院，陕西西安 710069；3.西北大学物理学院，陕西西安 710069）

水葱是重要的水体景观要素，能有效地净化和维持景观水体的水质，在环境绿色修复方面发挥重要作用。有关其成分、药理和临床用途的研究报道目前还比较少。在广泛文献检索的基础上，对水葱种属、成分、药理作用、临床应用、生态价值和栽培技术等进行了概述，为深入研究和开发利用提供科学资料。

水葱；药理作用；临床应用；生态价值；栽培技术

西部资源生物与现代生物技术教育部重点实验室基金（KH09030）；西藏自治区科技厅重大科技专项基金（20091012）；陕西省教育厅科学研究项目计划（2010JK862）。

巩江（1975-），女，甘肃兰州人，高级实验师，硕士；研究方向：民族药化学与资源学。*通讯作者，男，江苏沛县人，副研究员，博士，硕士研究生导师，研究方向：中药化学与资源学，E-mail：nsfstone@126.com。。

2015-00-00

2015-00-00

Supported by Opening Foundation of Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China （Northwest University），Ministry of Education（KH09030）；the Major Scientific and Technological Project of the Department of Science and Technology，Tibet Autonomous Region （20091012）；the Scientific Research Plan Projects of Shaanxi Education Department（2010JK862）.

.E-mail:nsfstone@126.com

December 30，2014Accepted:March 5，2015