未来十年风景园林的四个挑战

撰文：（法国）文森特·皮弗托

翻译：刘昱霏

未来十年风景园林的四个挑战

撰文：（法国）文森特·皮弗托

翻译：刘昱霏

欧洲和法国所经历的缓慢增长期，已经导致了市政工程费用的削减；在这种惨淡的背景下，人们可能会担心风景园林的未来。

但这种担忧似乎并不合理，因为我们将面临的挑战将持久地使这门专业和从事它的人被完全认可。我们为自己和未来几代人所创建的空间品质问题比以往任何时候更加突出。自然资源是有限的，应予以保护。如果我们要养活不断增长的人口，那么农业用地的保护也至关重要。气候变化是必然的，我们也应为其做准备。而且，在持续不断的危机下我们的社会已经变得脆弱，我们应该与社会分化抗争，它实质上也是空间分化。

在未来10年，风景园林设计师将面对4大挑战。

首先是所谓的“平静城市”的挑战。这是我们所向往的；“平静城市”通过穿越其中的“生态走廊”与自然融合（在法国我们称之为“绿色和蓝色生态网”，指的是陆地植物和河流水系生物多样性）。土壤不再被视为一种材料，而作为基质和遗产。例如一些由设计师亨利·巴伐（Henri Bava）、迈克尔·哈斯勒（Michel Hoessler）或奥利维尔·菲利普（Olivier Philippe）（Ter机构）等开展的城市社区管理领域的项目中有提到。“平静城市”涉及到当地居民，他们被征求讨论项目；这不仅是因为他们要认可风景园林师的想法，而且还需要他们参与项目的设计和实施进程。很多年轻的设计师探索这些方法，往往是从集体活动如园艺中获取启发。“平静城市”反映了对城市的不同感知，它对城市项目的管理方式寻求设计师的一种投入。

其次，是“扩展”城市的挑战。米歇尔·戴斯威纳（Michel Desvigne）认为大都市的发展是一种国土组织的形式，我们必须考虑比以往更加巨大的公共空间尺度。在萨克雷大学校园，戴斯威纳开创了法国第一个国家科研集群， 也是“大巴黎”项目之一。在法国，大尺度景观的想法受到著名风景园林设计师推动，如皮埃尔·陶维尔格内（Pierre Dauvergne）和杰克斯·斯加尔（Jacques Sgard），他们受到普罗斯特（Prost）和让·克劳德·尼古拉·福雷斯蒂尔（Jean-Claude Nicolas Forestier）在法国的作品、以及奥姆斯特德（Olmsted）在美国的作品启发。“扩展城市”也将不断成长和演变，我们将在未来很长时间里贡献于此。“计划指南”的概念已经由亚历山大·谢梅道夫（Alexandre Chemetoff）发起，他在“更大的南特”中，想确保公共空间的连续性，这一概念的出现使得空间可以适应新的项目。“扩展城市”需要风景园林设计师，以保障其尺度之外的生长性。

第三是“循环城市”的挑战。这种经济概念已经由风景园林设计师吉尔·克莱门特（Gilles Clément）在法国实施。它是基于——借用：景观项目必须对它所索取的环境进行偿还。其关键是需要尊重生态活力，而不是忽视它。吉尔·克莱门特唤起了一个园丁的形象，不得不在一个封闭的“完成”的空间内工作。“循环”的想法接近于“过渡”（转型城镇），它激励着风景园林多样化的趋势理念，比如可替代品，又比如蒂埃里·雅凯（Thierry Jacquet）所创造的那些雄心勃勃的环境修复项目。毫无疑问，风景园林设计师将被要求恢复自然环境恶化的空间，并提出土地管理的关于资源（水、土壤、生物多样性）以及它们的使用的良性建议。

第四个挑战涉及到城镇和乡村之间的关系。值得提醒的是，即使西方社会城市占主导，即使这种模式正日益蔓延到世界各地，但并不是所有的景观都是城市的。相反，乡村，这种低密度区，是我们领土的基本元素：是一种生活空间，农林生产、旅游和休闲空间。乡村和城市地区，都是孕育文化的地方。而往往是我们管理的方式决定了其防范风险的水平，如应对扩散性污染，洪水，水土流失等……风景园林设计师需要去面对这些问题，来帮助反思我们国土的品质并去设计它们。他们同样也要去反思城市与乡村的交错区并去设计它们。城市乡村交接地带是主要面临挑战的地方。在那里，其用途往往模糊但环境质量已经恶化。在法国，这些问题并未结合到项目中；然而，虽然公众委员还没有意识到其重要性，但这些课题已被考虑进像风景园林设计师伯特兰·福尔（Bertrand Folléa）所参与的研究中。

对于城市和乡村的这4个方面的挑战已经浮出水面并将在未来10年持续存在。这些问题需要在研究中、在创新和创造的过程中解决。在法国，这些研究在风景园林学校中进行，从而促进了风景园林设计师的工作。这些想法已在在线杂志《景观项目》上被提及。但扩大这一创造性活动需要通过在凡尔赛风景园林学校内的勒诺特别墅来进行。像其他国际知名学校一样，勒诺特别墅欢迎国际风景园林设计师进行为期3-9个月访学，可以深度探讨当代问题，无论是环境、城市、艺术创作或其他重要方面。这样做的目的是帮助风景园林设计师应对在未来10年所面临的主要挑战：加强风景园林师之间的联系。

The period of slow growth that Europe and France have been going through have resulted in cuts of public works commissions； in this gloomy context， one may be concerned about the future of landscape architecture.

Concerns seem not to be justified though，because the challenges we will be facing durably make this know-how and the people involved in it fully legitimate. More than ever， questions arise with regard to the quality of the spaces we create for ourselves and for the future generations. The natural resources are limited and should be preserved. The protection of agricultural land is vital if we want to feed our growing population. The climate change is a certainty and we should be prepared for it. Finally， in our societies - which have become vulnerable through the ongoing crisis - we ought to fight social divide， which is a spatial divide as well.

In the coming decade landscape architects will be called upon to take on four major challenges.

First， there is the challenge of the so-called‘calm city’. It is something we aspire to； the ‘calm city’ incorporates nature through the ‘ecological corridors’ that run through it （in France we call them « green and blue threads» referring to the plant and aquatic biodiversity）. Soil is not considered as a material， but as a substrate and heritage. It is put forward in a number of projects carried out in the field of urban neighborhood management by designers such as Henri Bava，Michel Hoessler or Olivier Philippe （Ter agency）. The ‘calm city’ involves its inhabitants， who are solicited to discuss the projects； not only because it is important to have them adopt the landscape designer’s idea， but also because it is necessary to make them participate in the process of creation and implementation of the projects. A lot of young designers explore this approach， often inspired by collective practices such as gardening. The «calm city » reflects a different perception of the city， its management， of the relation to urban project for which the designer’s input is sought.

Secondly， there is the challenge of the « extended » city. According to Michel Desvigne，with the development of the huge metropolis as a form of territorial organisation， we have to think of public spaces at scales that are larger than they have ever been before. It is what Desvigne has initiated at the Saclay University Campus， the first national research cluster in France， which is one of the projects of the « greater Paris » In France，the idea of a large-scale landscape was promoted by the reknown landscape designers such as Pierre Dauvergne or Jacques Sgard， who were inspired by the works of Prost or Jean-Claude Nicolas Forestier in France， and those of Olmsted in the USA. The « extended city » is also a city which will grow and evolve and we will be able to contribute to it over a long period of time. The concept of « guide plan » has been developed in France by Alexandre Chemetoff who wanted to ensure the continuity of public spaces in « greater Nantes »，making the space adaptable to new projects as they arise. The « extended city » needs the landscape architect so that it can grow beyond the scales.

Thirdly， there is the challenge of the « recycled city ». This economic concept has been implemented in France by the landscape architect Gilles Clément. It is based on - borrowing ：the landscape project has to give back to the environment what it has taken from it. What is at stake is the ecologic dynamics， which is to be respected and not ignored. Gilles Clément evokes the image of a gardener， who has to work in a closed‘finished’ space. The idea of « recycling » is close to the idea of « transition » （transition towns） which inspires diverse trends in landscape architecture，from the alternative ones to ambitious environment restoration projects， like those created by Thierry Jacquet. There is no doubt that landscape architects will be asked to restore physically deteriorated spaces and propose ways of land management that are virtuous with regard to the resources （water，soil， biodiversity） and their use.

The fourth challenge pertains to the relation between the town and the country. It is worth reminding that even if Western societies are dominantly urban， even if this model is increasingly spreading over the world， not all of the landscapes are urban. On the contrary， the countryside， this low-density area， is the basic element of our territories： it is a living space， a space of agricultural and forest production， of tourism and leisure. The rural， as well as the urban areas， are places of culture. It is often the way we manage them that determines the level of protection against risks such as diffuse pollution， floods， erosion... Landscape architects will be called upon to face these issues，to help reflect on the quality of our territories and design them. They will be asked to reflect on and design the interfaces as well. The line where the town meets the countryside is the place of major challenges. There， the uses are often blurred and the quality has been deteriorated. In France， these subjects fail to be integrated in projects； however，even if the public commissioners are not aware of their importance yet， they are taken into account in researches in which landscape architects like Bertrand Folléa participate.

These four challenges have surfaced in urban and rural areas and will be even more present in the coming decade. They need to be dealt with in researches， in the process of innovation and creation. In France researches are conducted in Schools of Landscape Architecture， thus contributing to the landscape architects work. The ideas are voiced in the online magazine « Projets de paysage » （Landscape projects）. But the need to expand this creative activity is expressed through the Villa Le Nôtre， within the National School of Landscape Architecture in Versailles. Like other well-known international residences，the Villa Le Nôtre welcomes for a period of 3 to 9 months international landscape architects， who，during their sabbatical stay， wish to explore in depth a contemporary issue， either related to the environment， the city， or to the artistic creation or any other important dimension. The aim is to contribute to meet the main challenge that landscape architects will face in the coming decade：to strengthen the ties that link them.

The Four Challenges in Landscape Architecture for the Next Decade

Text by： Vincent PIVETEAU （FRANCE）
Translation：LIU Yu-fei

文森特·皮弗托/法国凡尔赛-马赛国立高等风景园林学校校长

译者简介：

刘昱霏/1992年生/女/北京人/北京林业大学园林学院硕士生（北京 100083）

Biography：

Vincent PIVETEAU is the Director of National School of Landscape Architecture in Versailles， France.

About the Translator：

LIU Yu-fei was born in Beijing in 1992. She is a graduate student at the School of Lanscape Architecture of Beijing Forestry University.