Using Artificial Intelligence in the Internet of Things

Using Artificial Intelligence in the Internet of Things

▶Fuji Ren

Dr.Fuji Ren is a professor in the Faculty of Engineering，University of Tokushima，Japan.His re⁃search interests include informa⁃tion science，artificial intelli⁃gence，language understanding and communication，and affective computing.He is a member of IEICE，CAAI，IEEJ，IPSJ，JSAI，AAMT，and a senior member of IEEE.He is a fellow of the Japan Federation of Engineering Societies and president of the International Advanced Information Institute.

▶Yu Gu

Dr.Yu Gu is a professor in the School of Computer and Informa⁃tion，Hefei University of Technol⁃ogy，China.He has published more than 40 papers in interna⁃tional journals and conference proceedings， including IEEE Commun.Surveys and Tutorials，IEEE Trans.Parallel and Distrib⁃uted Systems（TPDS），Ad Hoc Networks（Elsevier），and Wireless Commun.and Mobile Comput（Wiley）.He received the Excellent Paper Award at IEEE Scalcom 2009.His research interests include infor⁃mation science，pervasive computing，and wireless net⁃works，in particular，wireless sensor networks.

T he Internet of Things（IoT）has received much attention over the past de⁃cade.With the rapid increase in the use of smart devices，we are now able to collect big data on a daily basis.The data we are gathering（and related problems）are becoming more complex and uncertain.Research⁃ers have therefore turned to artificial intelligence（AI）to efficiently deal with the problems created by big data.

This special issue deals with the technology and applications of AI in the IoT and is a forum for scientists，engineers，broadcasters，manufacturers，software develop⁃ers，and other related professionals to discuss related issues.The topics addressed in this special issue include current research progress，real⁃world applications，and security issues related to AI in IoT.The call⁃for⁃papers attracted a number of excel⁃lent submissions.After two⁃round reviews，five papers were selected for publica⁃tion.These papers are organized in three groups.The first group comprises one over⁃view paper that outlines the technical progress of IoT.The second group comprises two papers addressing security issues in IoT.The last group comprises two papers that present some interesting real⁃world applications that will benefit daily life.

The first paper，“I2oT：Advanced Direction of the Internet of Things，”gives an ex⁃cellent vision of how AI technologies can be combined with IoT.The author intro⁃duces the principle and conceptual model of intelligent IoT（I2oT in short），which re⁃sults from the integration of AI and IoT and is the most promising version of IoT.In the final section of the paper，the author makes recommendations for further study and standardization.

The wireless sensor network（WSN）is a key enabler of IoT because of its great sensing ability and ability to generate and process big data.Using AI to handle big data in a WSN is a critical research topic and deserves much effort.The next two pa⁃pers，“An Instance⁃Learning⁃Based Intrusion⁃Detection System for Wireless Sensor Networks”and“Forest Fire Detection Using Artificial Neural Network Algorithm Implemented in Wireless Sensor Networks”fall within this scope.The former ad⁃dresses the intrusion⁃detection issue in WSNs and presents an instance⁃learning⁃based intrusion⁃detection system（IL⁃IDS）to protect the network from routing at⁃tacks.By mining historical data（instances），critical rules about attacks can be creat⁃ed to help build a routing mechanism that is more robust to malicious behaviour. The latter paper deals with a more specific application，i.e.，forest fire detection us⁃ing an artificial neural network algorithm in a WSN.Forest fires threaten forest re⁃sources，human lives，and surrounding environments.The authors build a forest fire detection system that takes advantage of the unique features of a WSN，such as easy deployment，efficient data collection and environmental monitoring.An artificial neural network algorithm is designed to improve multi⁃criteria detection，which helps decrease the possibility of false alarms the system cost.

The last group comprises two papers about real⁃world applications of IoT：“We

Watch：An Application for Watching Video Access Two Mo⁃bile Devices”and“A Parameter⁃Detection Algorithm for Mov⁃ing Ships.”With the rapid development of wireless communi⁃cations and embedded computing，IoT is no longer a concept but is gradually becoming a reality.One of the consequences of this trend is that people are surrounded by smart devices，which are changing almost every aspect of daily life.The for⁃mer paper explores the blossoming of smart devices for a better viewing experience.It presents a unified platform based on An⁃droid where different devices can share screens.For instance，it allows a video to be played simultaneously on two devices that are close to each other.It provides a better way of watch⁃ing videos by putting the screens of the two devices close to⁃gether.However，the distance between the two screens needs to be accurately measured.This paper discusses a distance⁃measuring mechanism based on Wi⁃Fi signal decay.By mining training data，the system can adaptively improve the measure⁃ment accuracy.

The vision⁃based technique is a general AI technique that involves abstracting information from dynamic or static pic⁃ tures.It is essential for the fast approach of IoT.In the latter paper，the authors propose an algorithm for detecting the pa⁃rameters of a moving ship in an inland river.Numerous differ⁃ent vision⁃based parameter⁃detection approaches have been used in traffic monitoring systems；however，few have been ap⁃plied to waterway transport because of complexities such as rippling water and lack of calibration objects.The authors dis⁃cuss interactive calibration without a reference as well as de⁃tection of a moving ship using an optimized visual foreground⁃detection algorithm.This reduces the likelihood of false detec⁃tion in dynamic water⁃based scenarios and improves the detec⁃tion of ship size，speed and flow.The traffic parameter detec⁃tion algorithm has been trialled in the Beijing⁃Hangzhou Grand Canal and has an accuracy of more than 90%for all pa⁃rameters.

We thank all authors for their valuable contributions and we express our sincere gratitude to all the reviewers for their time⁃ly and insightful expert reviews.It is hoped that the contents in this special issue are informative and useful from the aspects of technology，standardization，and implementation.

Roundup Introduction to ZTE Communications

ZTE Communications is a quarterly，peer⁃reviewed international technical journal（ISSN 1673-5188 and CODEN ZCTOAK）sponsored by ZTE Corporation，a major international provider of telecommunications，enterprise and consumer technology solutions for the Mobile Internet.The journal publishes original academic papers and research findings on the whole range of communications topics，including communications and information system design，optical fiber and electro⁃optical engineering，microwave technology，radio wave propagation，antenna engineering，electromagnetics，signal and image processing，and power engineering.The journal is designed to be an integrated forum for university academics and industry researchers from around the world.ZTE Communications was founded in 2003 and has a readership of 5500.The English version is distributed to universities，colleges，and research institutes in more than 140 countries.It is listed in Inspec，Cambridge Scientific Abstracts（CSA），Index of Copernicus（IC），Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory，Norwegian Social Science Data Services（NSD），Chinese Journal Fulltext Databases，Wanfang Data—Digital Periodicals，and China Science and Technology Journal Database.Each issue of ZTE Communications is based around a Special Topic，and past issues have attracted contributions from leading international experts in their fields.