林伟 黎乐 张仲培 石永红 李秋立 薛振华 王非 吴林
1.岩石圈演化国家重点实验室,中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,北京 100029
2.石油勘探开发研究院,中国石油化工集团公司,北京 100083
3.合肥工业大学资源和环境学院,合肥 230009
中亚造山带(Central Asian Orogenic Belt,CAOB)是世界上显生宙最大的增生型造山带,延伸超过5000km(Kröner et al.,2008;Windley et al.,2007)。作为古生代典型增生造山带,它为研究地球在显生宙期间大规模地壳生长和壳幔相互作用关系提供了绝佳窗口,从而引起国内外地质学家的广泛关注(Coleman,1989;Windley et al.,1990,2007;Şengör et al.,1993;Xiao et al.,2004;Charvet et al.,2007;Kröner et al.,2008)。中亚造山带增生演化时间大致分布在600~250Ma(Şengör et al.,1993)。关于中亚造山带具体增生模式一直是研究者争议的热点,主要存在以下几种观点:多块体俯冲-碰撞-拼贴(Coleman,1989;Charvet et al.,2007);单一岛弧(Kipchak 岛弧)走滑/弯曲碰撞拼贴(Şengör et al.,1993;Şengör and Natal’in,1996);弧 后 伸 展 垮 塌 增 生(Yakubchuk,2004);类似于环太平洋多阶段多块体增生作用(Xiao et al.,2004;Windley et al.,2007)。最近张立飞等(2013)根据对超高压变质时代及其退变过程的精确定年及详细的岩石学相平衡模拟计算,认为其在俯冲通道中经历了缓慢的、长时间的升温抬升(热弛豫)过程;这个过程直到233~226Ma 方才结束。
本文通过对西南天山阿克雅孜地区的高压-超高压变质带详尽的几何学和运动学的剖析,厘定出高压-超高压变质岩石构造单元,确定了每个构造单元构造几何学特征及各个构造单元之间的相互关系;通过分析岩石变形特征和期次,划分出不同构造单元接触关系和运动学特征;根据研究区的多期构造变形特点,建立了阿克雅孜地区构造演化序列;并对横向上相同或相似构造带进行对比研究,进而确定整个天山在古生代构造拼合过程。从而探讨我国西部洋壳相关的深俯冲造山带形成过程和参与深俯冲作用(超)高压变质岩的变形变质历史。
天山造山带位于中亚造山带最南缘,其组成和演化特征为我们理解中亚造山带拼合方式和构造演化历程提供了一个不可多得的窗口(图1)。天山造山带被认为是由各个不同板块在晚古生代拼贴在一起所形成的复合山链,主要分为三部分:哈萨克斯坦-伊犁-北天山板块,中天山微陆块和其南缘的塔里木板块北缘(Coleman,1989;Windley et al.,1990;Charvet et al.,2007;Lin et al.,2009;Wang et al.,2010a)。由于认识不同,大家对天山地区的构造演化提出了不同看法:Coleman(1989)认为它们是从洋盆发育而来的不同地体拼贴而成;依据东天山的研究经验,Windley et al.(1990)认为天山造山带内存在两条缝合带,它们分别位于相当于哈萨克斯坦-伊犁-北天山板块南北两侧,南部碰撞拼贴时间为晚泥盆世-早石炭世,北部则为晚石炭世-早二叠世;Chen et al.(1999)通过大量野外工作并综合前人资料,认为地理上的南天山起源于一个早古生代就开始封闭的洋盆,并在晚古生代时由于塔里木板块和中天山板块斜向碰撞而最终闭合。Xiao et al.(2012)从区域构造的角度对天山地区构造分区进行了系统的划分和总结,认为整个天山南部作为一个巨大的增生带Kokshaal-Kumishi 一直持续到晚石炭-早二叠世。
西南天山作为一个重要的晚古生代造山带,近年来由于发现洋壳俯冲榴辉岩而引起科学家普遍关注(Gao et al.,1995;高俊,1997;Zhang et al.,2002,2007;Gao and Klemd,2003;Klemd et al.,2011)。榴辉岩及其围岩白云母片岩中保存完好的柯石英包体的发现,结束了变质峰期条件的长期争议(Lü et al.,2008;Yang et al.,2013;施建荣等,2014;Du et al.,2014 及其相关的参考文献)。但关于南天山洋俯冲极性及相关榴辉岩峰期变质的时间仍存在很大的争议(Gao and Klemd,2003;高俊等,2006,2009;Charvet et al.,2007;Zhang et al.,2007;Wang et al.,2008a,2010a;Lin et al.,2009;朱志新等,2013)。
我们对西南天山超高压变质带代表地区的阿克雅孜和木扎尔特构造格架进行了详细的野外地质考察,根据构造几何形态及相关岩石变形的运动学展布特征将研究区划分为三个构造单元:北部单元、中部单元和南部单元(图2)。不同的构造带各具特征:北部单元的岩石组成为云母片岩、片麻岩和变基性岩,经历了角闪岩相-麻粒岩相的变质作用,这些岩石通常被认为是哈萨克斯坦-伊犁-北天山板块的基底(哈萨克斯坦板块东缘)。北部单元的构造几何形态主要为一系列轴面倾向N 或NW 的向斜和背斜组成,褶皱枢纽沿ENE-WSW 方向延展(图2、图3a);晚石炭世-早二叠世火山岩覆盖其上(图2,Zhang et al.,2007;Lin et al.,2009)。中部单元构成了西南天山晚古生代高压-超高压造山带主体,其组成为洋壳物质残片及增生杂岩,经历了俯冲过程中的高压和超高压变质作用而形成了蓝片岩和榴辉岩(Gao and Klemd,2003;Zhang et al.,2007;Lin et al.,2009)。中带在剥蚀出露过程中同样经历了绿片岩相的退变质作用,因此大多数蓝片岩和绿片岩呈间隔层状产出。大多数榴辉岩在阿克雅孜河南部产出,最大的榴辉岩块体出露面积约2km2,产出在绿片岩相变质的变泥质岩中(Gao et al.,1999;Zhang et al.,2007)。变火山岩主要由榴辉岩、绿辉岩、绿帘岩和蓝片岩组成,榴辉岩和蓝片岩呈渐变过渡关系,而非构造接触,表明榴辉岩和蓝片岩属于同一个岩片,经历了同样的进变质作用,却经历了不一样的退变质作用(Gao and Klemd,2003)。最近,蒲晓菲等(2011)在其中识别出一套中志留世基性-酸性火山岩,与高压-超高压岩石差别明显,因而此带表现出高压-超高压岩石俯冲-折返过程中经历了构造混杂过程。中部单元的构造几何形态由一系列千米级尺度的、具有极性向NW 或N 的紧闭向斜和背斜组成(图2、图3c)。南部单元构成了西南天山地形最高的位置,主要由弱变质或未变质的奥陶纪-志留纪地层和火山岩组成。南部单元的构造几何形态为一系列南倾的单斜地层组成(图3e)。南部单元与中部单元之间的浅变质沉积岩中发育有大量的褶劈理,局部面理化明显,这些具有面理向南陡倾的特点(图3f)。三个构造带之间为产状近直立的糜棱岩带所分隔(图2)。在构造几何学研究基础上,我们在阿克雅孜高压-超高压造山带识别出多期构造变形,这些构造事件在区域上与天山古生代俯冲-碰撞的整个过程具有很好的对应关系。
图1 天山造山带构造地质简图据(Wangetal.,2010b,2011; Lin etal.,2013 修改)Fig.1 Simplified geological map of the ChineseTianshan (modified afterWangetal.,2010b,2011; Lin etal.,2013)
图2 西南天山高压-超高压变质带构造地质图(据Lin et al.,2013 修改)Fig.2 Geological map of the Southwest Chinese Tianshan high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt and structural planar and linear elements (modified after Lin et al.,2013)
在构造几何学的研究基础上,识别出了多期构造变形事件(E1-E4),它们发育于不同的构造单元和变质条件下,具有不同的运动学特征,体现了不同的构造背景,代表了不同的动力学机制。
图3 西南天山高压-超高压变质带构造地质简图及构造要素的赤平投影结果所有赤平投影结果均为施密特网等面积下半球投影Fig.3 Simplified geological map of the Southwest Chinese Tianshan high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt and structural planar and linear elements:foliation,bedding,mineral and stretching lineation,recumbent fold,crenulations axis and isoclinals fold axisAll diagrams are equiareal Schmidt net,lower hemisphere projection
E1事件发育在中部单元,其特点是强烈褶皱的面理上发育了NNW-SSE 或近N-S 向矿物拉伸线理(图2、图3d),其矿物组成为蓝闪石、绿辉石、多硅白云母、黝帘石和石英等矿物,指示变形发生在高压条件下。无论是野外露头还是岩石薄片尺度,沿此矿物拉伸线理方向均显示上部指向N 或NNW 的剪切变形(D1,图4a-d)。由于高压矿物卷入了这期变形,我们推断这期构造事件发生在高压变质条件的榴辉岩相(图4b,d)。
E2构造事件主要发育在南部单元和中部单元之间,特别是二者的接触界线附近(图2)。向南陡倾的糜棱面理上发育了近N-S 向矿物拉伸线理(图3g,h),其组成矿物主要为绢云母和石英,指示岩石变形发生在低绿片岩相的条件下(图5a)。沿此矿物拉伸线理,上部向北的剪切变形(D2)较为一致地发育在中部单元与南部单元界线附近(图5a)。需要指出的是这期变形向北迅速减弱,在中部单元南翼,靠近断裂带附近的韧性变形减弱成密集发育的褶劈理,同样指示了上部指北的剪切运动特征(图5b)。我们对这期变形事件的解释是向北的逆冲推覆构造,指示了南部单元向北逆冲到中部单元之上(图6)。
E3构造事件主要发育在北部单元,在火山碎屑岩、石英片岩中均有明显记录;中部单元中也有些许叠加,但并未明显改造E1事件造成的岩石形变(图6)。这期构造事件最主要特征是较浅的构造变形层次,岩石面理主要由脆性破裂面所组成,并可见近N-S 和NW-SE 半透入性线理(图2、图3b)。沿此线理,岩石变形表现为上部指向SE 或S 剪切(D3;图5c,d)。从区域上来看,E3变形事件可以解释为北部单元发育的大规模向南的逆冲推覆,并叠加在中部单元早期高压变质-变形带之上;这样可以很好地解释向南变形减弱并逐渐过渡到脆性域。E3构造事件无论是在木扎尔特河和阿克雅孜河,还是在科克苏河,均有十分稳定的展布(Lin et al.,2009;Wang et al.,2010a)。
图4 西南天山高压-超高压变质带折返过程(E1)的构造变形(D1)特征(a)露头尺度糜棱岩化云母片岩中残余的榴辉岩透镜体指示上部向NW 的剪切;(b)薄片下石英σ 斑晶指示上部向NW 的剪切变形,多硅白云母沿面理分布;(c)露头尺度糜棱岩化云母片岩中发育的剪切条带指示上部向NW 的剪切;(d)薄片下石英σ斑晶和蓝闪石构成的剪切条带指示上部向NW 的剪切变形Fig.4 Field photographs and micrograph of the D1 deformation related early stage exhumation event (E1)in Southwest Chinese Tianshan high-pressure and ultrahighpressure metamorphic belt(a)outcrop scale sigmoidal eclogite lens in mylonitic micaschist showing top-to-the-NW sense of shear;(b)asymmetric phengite pressure shadows around quartz showing top-to-the-NW sense of shear in thin section;(c)outcrop scale shear band in mylonitized micaschist showing top-to-the-NW shearing deformation; (d)glaucophane shear band around quartz showing top-to-the-NW sense of shear in thin section
图5 西南天山高压-超高压变质带后期改造过程中不同尺度多期构造变形特征(a-e 为露头尺度照片;f 为薄片尺度照片)(a)云母片岩中不对称石英碎斑和强烈发育的剪切条带指示上部向N 的剪切变形(D2);(b)具有向N 极性的细褶纹轴面劈理,轴面褶劈理(S2)将早期面理(S1)褶皱(D2);(c)北带石炭纪弱变质伊犁弧火山碎屑岩面理化,指示上部向南的剪切(E3);(d)北带石炭纪火山岩中石英周缘的压力影指示上部向南的剪切(E3);(e)副片麻岩中σ 状展布的石英脉指示E4 右行剪切变形;(f)副片麻岩中剪切变形的石英指示E4 右行剪切变形Fig.5 Field photographs and micrograph of the deformation related different stages in Southwest Chinese Tianshan highpressure and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt (a,c,e photos of the outcrop scale;b,d,f photos of the thin section scale)(a)asymmetric quartz clast and extensive deformed shear band in micaschist showing top-to-the-NW shear sense;(b)northward shear sense crenulation cleavage,early foliation (S1 )was folded by crenulation cleavage (S2 );(c) foliated Carboniferous weak metamorphosed YILI arc-realated cataclasite in North unit,showing top-to-the-S shear sense (E3 ); (d ) pressure shadow in Carboniferous volcanics from North unit showing top-to-the-S shear sense (E3);(e)sigmoidal quartz vein in paragneiss indicate dextral deformation (E4);(f)extensive sheared quartz clasts in paragneiss indicate dextral deformation (E4)
E4构造事件主要发育在中部单元南北两侧,E1事件产生的面理在构造单元边缘叠加了走向ENE-WSW 或E-W 向近直立面理,并形成近水平矿物拉伸线理(图2、图3b,g)。这些线理主要由石英及绿泥石所组成,指示较浅层次上的变形条件。无论是野外露头还是薄片分析,右行剪切特征清晰而稳定(D4,图5e,f)。事实上这期右行走滑变形构造在整个西南天山均有十分稳定的展布(图1)。需要指出的是,前人在对天山整体研究过程中,大多认为这期韧性变形为左行走滑性质(Şengör et al.,1993;Gao et al.,1998;Bazhenov et al.,1999,2003)。然而Yin and Nie(1996)和Wang et al.(2008a,2010a)在科克苏河及巴音布鲁克北部进行的构造分析表明,该断裂带具有右行走滑的剪切特征,这与我们的野外观测结果相一致。事实上沿着整个那拉提断裂,从研究区向东穿过科克苏河区域至巴音布鲁克北部,都是非常一致的右行剪切。
图6 西南天山高压-超高压变质带构造地质图及四期构造事件运动学图解(据Lin et al.,2009 修改)Fig.6 Map showing kinematics of the different tectonic events D1,D2,D3 D4 in Southwest Chinese Tianshan high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt (modified after Lin et al.,2009)Arrows point to sense of shear in the upper part
关于中国西南天山的超高压-高压变形一直是个比较有争议的问题。高俊等对研究区榴辉岩和蓝片岩中的不同矿物进行了同位素40Ar/39Ar 定年研究,分别得出青铝闪石(344±1Ma)、多硅白云母(381 ±1Ma、364 ±1Ma、331 ±2Ma)和蓝闪石(401 ±1Ma、370 ±1Ma)的坪年龄,并指出高压变质作用发生的时间是在泥盆纪(高俊等,2000;Gao and Klemd,2003)。同时他们通过榴辉岩的矿物-全岩Sm-Nd 等时线得出343 ±44Ma 和346 ±3Ma 的年龄;他们认为,Sm-Nd 等时线年龄和40Ar/39Ar 年龄分别反映了峰期高压变质年龄和剥蚀出露年龄。然而,Zhang et al.(2002)通过变质锆石SHRIMP分析,认为高压变质峰期发生在310 ±5Ma 甚至更晚的时间。王宝瑜等(1994)通过角闪石40Ar/39Ar 定年得出约230Ma 的坪年龄,认为高压/低温变质岩石在二叠纪时候剥蚀出露。从高压-超高压榴辉岩中分离出来自形的锆石,具有完好的岩浆锆石核部,通过SHRIMP 定年得出310~413Ma 的年龄,而含有金红石包体的锆石幔部得出的年龄在234 ±7Ma 和226±4.6Ma 之间,从而认为在榴辉岩和蓝片岩中的蓝闪石和多硅白云母给出的400Ma 和344Ma 的40Ar/39Ar 坪年龄可能是由过剩氩引起的(Zhang et al.,2007)。通过综合分析超高压变质时代及其退变过程的精确年龄及详细的岩石学相平衡模拟计算,张立飞等(2013)认为西南天山超高压榴辉岩在俯冲通道中经历了缓慢的、长时间的升温抬升(热弛豫)过程,这个过程直到233~226Ma 方才结束。我们的构造分析表明,E1事件对应于西南天山的高压-超高压变质作用,至少是对应着经历了峰期变质过程早期的构造折返。我们倾向于认为榴辉岩和围岩所记录的岩石变形为同变质变形(主要是退变质)。当然由于退变质程度不同,记录的折返过程的变形也不同,榴辉岩记录了较深层次的变形,而围岩(云母片岩)则记录了较浅层次的变形。U-Pb 二次离子探针测定榴辉岩中锆石和代表榴辉岩峰期变质的金红石以及榴辉岩中石榴石多点分析结合全岩Lu-Hf 年代学所给出320Ma 左右的年龄结果(Su et al.,2010;Li et al.,2011;Klemd et al.,2011;李秋立等,2013;Yang et al.,2013)。这期事件的区域解释我们倾向于认为其更类似于阿曼地区的高压蛇绿岩同俯冲的构造折返(Goffé et al.,1992)。其构造背景可以解释为中天山微陆块和哈萨克斯坦-伊犁北天山板块相互作用形成的高压-超高压变质岩石向北或北西的逆冲折返。从构造分析的角度,这就决定了高压-超高压变质带主期构造事件代表了中天山洋具有向南的俯冲极性。这个结论与其他很多研究学者的结论相一致(Shu et al.,1999;Charvet et al.,2007;Wang et al.,2008a,2011)。
E2变形事件主要发育于南带和中带之间,同时在中带南缘也有很明显的表现(图6)。浅层次向北的剪切变形及其展布空间,我们将其解释为南带向中带逆冲推覆(图5a,b、图6)。由于缺乏同位素年代学研究,这期构造事件的绝对年龄还有待于进一步深入。由于E1和E2事件具有相似的运动学特征,都是向N(W)的剪切和褶皱,E2可以解释为在较浅层次的条件下叠加在E1上的变形。因此,E2的时间可以约束在320Ma 之后。最为接近的年代学数据就是中带榴辉岩全岩Rb/Sr 等时线年龄和白云母40Ar/39Ar 定年所给出的313~302Ma,Klemd et al.(2005)将其解释为绿片岩相退变质作用过程中榴辉岩的冷却和重结晶的主要时间;我们以此来约束代表浅表构造的E2事件的时间。
关于E3事件也缺乏直接的定年数据,我们野外观察到,E4构造事件明显改造了E3的空间展布(图6),据此可以得出E3发生在晚石炭世或早二叠世。在北带,卷入了E3变形的面理化高压麻粒岩锆石SHRIMP 定年给出了298Ma 的年龄(李强和张立飞,2004);未变形的S 型花岗岩给出了296.9 ±2.4Ma 的年龄(Xu et al.,2013)。这样我们可以将E3时间约束在一个较窄的范围内。在研究区,E3是最具有争议的一期构造事件,这期变形的构造意义存在两种可能性:1)与垂向缩短相关的向南重力滑脱过程中的剪切变形,相似的构造变形在科克苏河被这样解释(Wang et al.,2010a);2)石炭纪拼合后的塔里木板块、中天山微陆块和哈萨克斯-伊犁-北天山板块与准噶尔块体的汇聚过程中在仰冲板块产生的上部向S 或SE 的反冲构造(Lin et al.,2009)。从区域构造的角度,我们更倾向于后一种观点;事实上具有垂向缩短的重力滑脱通常发育在较浅的范围并以褶皱和脆性断层表现出来,虽然E3的韧性剪切变形发生的深度并不大,但其表现形式并不支持这种看法。
作为最晚的一期构造事件,E4所涉及的构造变形叠加在前期所有构造之上(图5e,f、图6)。在科克苏河,具有右行剪切变形特征的花岗质糜棱岩中黑云母40Ar/39Ar 定年给出了263 ±1Ma 的年龄(De Jong et al.,2009);这是最为接近这期构造事件的时间。事实上,在研究区东部,巴音布鲁克以北面理化花岗岩中黑云母和钾长石定年分别给出285Ma和270Ma 结果也与这期右行走滑事件接近(周鼎武等,2004)。因此,早二叠世相当长的一个阶段为右行走滑构造发育的时期。这些早二叠世年龄与乌鲁木齐南部区域的右行剪切带中糜棱岩获得的黑云母40Ar/39Ar 坪年龄数据一致(Laurent-Charvet et al.,2003)。
中部单元所记录的(超)高压条件下E1事件,代表了研究区一系列向NW 或N 的逆冲推覆构造(图6)。事实上,在那拉提断裂带南部,从巴音布鲁克北部经乌瓦门、米什沟到库米什东部,这期构造事件广泛发育在中天山微陆块北缘(图7)。南北向的矿物拉伸线理和沿此方向上部向北的剪切变形清晰而稳定(Wang et al.,2010b)。结合近年来对天山大量的野外地质考察,我们认为其动力学机制可以解释为中天山洋向南俯冲至中天山微陆块之下的过程中,卷入俯冲的岩石(包括高压-超高压变质岩、岛弧火山岩和增生杂岩),经构造混杂向北反冲于哈萨克斯坦-伊犁-北天山板块之上。在研究区(超)高压变质岩石及其围岩所记录的折返过程类似于前人所描述沿俯冲隧道仰冲折返作用(Goffé et al.,1992;Ernst,2005;Guillot et al.,2009)。
在研究区,E2构造事件指示了南部单元向北逆冲到中部单元之上的构造变形(图2)。变形向北迅速减弱,也证实了这一点。对于这一事件构造背景的理解,我们认为其代表了中天山微陆块北缘浅海相沉积地层单元及火山弧向N 逆冲于(超)高压变质岩石之上。这期事件在南天山缝合带以北中天山微陆块大范围内广泛发育,区域上从独库公路到乌库公路的库米什地区均有强烈地表现。我们对塔里木板块北缘发育的岩浆岩定年,给出的结晶年龄为404.8 ±2.0Ma和388.1 ± 2.2Ma;英安岩和流纹岩年龄为403.5Ma 和403.9Ma(图5)。地球化学研究结果指示其为准铝质、高钾钙碱性岩浆岩,具有岛弧岩浆岩的特征(Lin et al.,2013)。这个结果同西部独库公路地区发育的395Ma 弧岩浆岩极为相似(朱志新等,2008)。结合上述塔里木北缘发育增生杂岩的剪切变形运动特征,我们认为其动力学机制是代表南天山洋在早古生代晚期向南俯冲于塔里木板块之下,并在碰撞过程中南天山缝合带的蛇绿混杂岩及浅表沉积岩向北仰冲于中天山微陆块之上,南北向的汇聚造就了这期变形在中天山微陆块上的广泛发育(图5)。晚石炭世陆相沉积地层区域不整合地覆盖在构造岩片之上,指示了造山结束的时间。这与南天山广泛分布的造山后花岗岩年代学研究结果一致(图1,Konopelko et al.,2007;Seltman et al.,2011;Han et al.,2011;Gao et al.,2011)。
在研究区的北部和中部单元代表E3事件向SE 或S 剪切变形十分发育。这期变形事件向南变弱并叠加在中部单元E1期高压-超高压构造带之上(图6)。虽然Wang et al.(2008a)在相邻的科克苏河北段观察到相似的构造变形并根据较为陡立的面理将其解释为造山晚期的垂向缩短变形。但由于这期构造事件在伊犁-哈萨克斯坦板块上较为发育,特别是伊犁盆地南北的山脉中表现尤为突出,而其东延部分的北天山和博格达山却并不明显(图6);因此从区域发育的普遍性和代表性上我们更倾向于准噶尔洋闭合过程中向南俯冲时,上盘的仰冲板块弧后的位置上存在的反冲响应(Lin et al.,2009)。
E4所代表的走滑构造事件,不仅在研究区或西南天山,而且在整个天山均有表现(图5)。事实上如果我们从更宽泛的时间尺度(早二叠世-晚三叠世)和更广的空间范围,这期右行走滑变形构造在整个中亚造山带均有十分稳定的展布,代表着中亚各个陆块拼合后的陆内调整,同时伴随着大量的流体和成矿作用(Laurent-Charvet et al.,2003;Qin et al.,2003;Wang et al.,2008b;Lin et al.,2009;刘飞等,2013)。
图7 天山造山带四期构造事件的展布及运动学图解及南天山相关的年代学结果据(Lin etal.,2013修改 )Fig.7 Simplified geological map showing kinematics of the different tectonic events D1, D2, D3, D4 in South ChineseTianshan with the available radiometric ages of igneous rocks and metamorphic basement along the northern margin of theTarimblock (modified afterLin etal.,2013)
图8 南天山构造演化图解(据Lin et al.,2013 修改)Fig.8 A tentative geodynamic model for the Paleozoic South Tianshan orogenic belt (modified after Lin et al.,2013)
四期构造事件在西南天山高压-超高压变质带的厘定使我们能够从构造地质学角度更深地理解中亚造山带南缘碰撞造山带构造演化历史。但是构造时间上的约束同样是构建构造演化过程的关键因素。事实上,关于中天山洋闭合时间存在较大的争议:依据放射虫和锆石U-Pb 定年的研究结果,Zhang et al.(2007)和Xiao et al.(2012)认为西南天山所代表的中亚造山带最终拼合时间在晚二叠世-三叠世。而Gao and Klemd(2003)则依据野外观察和年代学分析认为碰撞拼合时间在泥盆纪-早石炭世。由于西南天山大部分榴辉岩是典型的低温榴辉岩,且矿物具有明显的成分环带,传统的同位素测年体系Sm-Nd、Rb-Sr、Ar-Ar 很难满足要求(Lin and Enami,2006)。锆石U-Pb 体系封闭温度很高,其U-Pb年龄大多情况下代表锆石形成时代,而并不对应变质期次(参见Li et al.,2011 及其讨论)。榴辉岩中可以应用于UPb 体系定年的主要矿物只有金红石。然而薄片下观察到西天山榴辉岩中金红石部分退变质为榍石,很难通过常规矿物分选方法得到纯的金红石样品用于定年分析,因此微区原位测试成为成为一个很好地解决办法。我们对西天山榴辉岩中金红石U-Pb 年龄进行了测定并得到318 ±7Ma 年龄(李秋立等,2013)。金红石U-Pb 年龄的解释涉及人们对金红石U-Pb 体系封闭温度的认识,根据实际地质情况的多体系定年数据对比获得的金红石U-Pb 体系封闭温度约为430~500℃,依据实验测定扩散系数计算所得封闭温度为大于600℃,我们的工作不能对此给出有力的判据,但是由于我们所测定榴辉岩的峰期变质温度较低,而金红石U-Pb 年龄解释为形成年龄更为合理。因此~320Ma 指示了西天山榴辉岩的变质时代。
西南天山高压-超高压变质带的构造几何学格架地建立和对岩石所记录的多期变形的识别不仅弥补了研究区的工作空白,而且依此提出了不同于前人在西南天山认为高压-超高压变质带产生于塔里木板块向北俯冲于伊犁板块之下的观点。我们认为西南天山高压-超高压变质带岩石变形的运动学指示了哈萨克斯坦-伊犁-北天山板块向南俯冲到中天山微陆块之下。渐次的向南俯冲造就了中亚造山带南缘-天山古生代造山带向南俯冲碰撞的一系列过程(图8)。
早古生代的中天山洋位于哈萨克斯坦-伊犁-北天山板块和塔里木板块之间,从晚奥陶世开始,中天山洋开始向南俯冲,并在塔里木板块北缘形成岩浆弧(图8a;Hopson et al.,1989;Laurent-Charvet et al.,2002;徐学义等,2006;杨天南等,2006)。在志留纪早期,持续俯冲作用在中天山塔里木板块北缘形成弧后盆地,并将中天山微陆块从塔里木板块北部分离出来,形成弧后洋盆,在西南天山发育的蛇绿混杂岩就是这个弧后洋盆闭合后的残余部分(图8b;Xiao et al.,2008,2012;Wang et al.,2011);蛇绿混杂岩中的辉长岩和基性熔岩的地球化学属性为普通洋中脊玄武岩(NMORB)特性(马瑞士等,1993;龙灵利等,2006;Charvet et al.,2007;Wang et al.,2009,2011),这也同样指示了洋壳的地质背景。库勒湖和黑英山蛇绿岩中辉长岩锆石SHRIMP 分别给出南天山洋的时间为425 ±8Ma 和392 ±5Ma(龙灵利等,2006;Wang et al.,2011)。在塔里木板块北缘,尤其是库尔勒-柳树沟地区,发育的钙碱性岩浆岩,指示了从晚志留世到早石炭世,西南天山洋向南俯冲至塔里木板块之下(图8c),南天山蛇绿混杂岩向北逆冲至中天山微陆块之上,指示了往南俯冲的俯冲极性(Wang et al.,2009,2011;Lin et al.,2013)。早-晚泥盆世之间区域上的不整合也反映了南天山洋的闭合时间(Chen et al.,1999;Zhou et al.,2001)。最近,混杂岩中具有上部向北的剪切指向的糜棱岩化泥质岩中的白云母40Ar/39Ar定年得出年龄为368~356Ma,这表明弧后盆地在中晚泥盆世开始闭合,最终在早石炭世完全闭合(Wang et al.,2011)。中天山微陆块北缘高压/超高压榴辉岩的峰期变质年龄以及后来这些高压变质岩石的折返,表明在晚石炭世(320Ma 左右)中天山洋向中天山微陆块之下持续俯冲(Su et al.,2010;Li et al.,2011),广泛沉积的陆源沉积及造山后岩浆作用记录了中天山洋最终闭合时间在晚石炭世(图8d;Konopelko et al.,2007;朱志新等,2008;Dong et al.,2011;Gao et al.,2011;Han et al.,2011;Seltman et al.,2011)。在哈萨克斯坦-伊犁-北天山板块的北部,准噶尔洋向南俯冲在板块的北缘形成北天山岩浆弧和增生楔(Allen et al.,1993;Wang et al.,2008a)。在研究区北带观察到的石炭纪伊犁岩浆弧部分,我们将其归结为准噶尔洋向南俯冲的结果(Windley et al.,1990;Allen et al.,1993;Wang et al.,2006)。这个过程中在北天山增生杂岩和岩浆弧中产生一系列向N 的剪切变形,尽管这次变形主要影响了哈萨克斯坦-伊犁-北天山板块的北缘。我们认为准噶尔洋向S 的俯冲过程中仰冲板块上发育了反向逆冲作用,使研究区北带石炭纪火山碎屑岩和之前的基底都卷入了变形(图8e)。二叠纪走滑事件在中亚造山带的构造演化中起着重要的作用(Şengör et al.,1993;Şengör and Natal’in,1996;Wang et al.,2008b)。在天山山脉,右行走滑表现为一系列E-W 或NESW 走向的韧性走滑剪切变形,长约几百千米(图8f;Laurent-Charvet et al.,2002;Charvet et al.,2007)。哈萨克斯坦-伊犁-北天山板块北部边界和南部边界在这期走滑事件表现明显。尽管这些走滑断裂与二叠世之前的缝合带相邻近,但是二者又有区别。在整个中亚造山带,这些走滑构造事件被解释为伊犁-北天山板块相对塔里木板块逆时针旋转楔入(Wang et al.,2007)。但无论如何,这期走滑事件代表着中亚造山带中各个陆块在古生代拼合后的陆内调整。
致谢 作者非常感谢李锦轶研究员和高俊研究员所提出十分详细的评审意见和建议使这篇文章得以完善。
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