陈丹玲 任云飞 宫相宽 刘良 高胜
西北大学大陆动力学国家重点实验室,西北大学地质学系,西安 710069
北秦岭东段商南松树沟超镁铁岩体周缘分布着一套以斜长角闪岩为主体的镁铁质变质岩,其内零星出露一些透镜状榴闪岩和石榴辉石岩。由于与超镁铁岩之间密切的空间分布关系,长期以来有关松树沟超镁铁岩的属性、侵位机制和时代的认识多来自于其围岩斜长角闪岩,尤其是榴闪岩的研究结果。自20 世纪80 年代开始,有关榴闪岩成因的认识就存在超镁铁岩侵位产生的热接触变质(黄月华,1984;孙卫东等1997)、退变质的上地幔岩经深部熔融的岩浆高压转变而成的榴辉岩(安三元等,1985)以及变质的大洋蛇绿岩残片(周鼎武等,1995;董云鹏等,1996;裴先治等,1996)等不同认识。也因此,用不同方法获得的该榴闪岩两个定年结果(983Ma,Sm-Nd 等时线法,李曙光等,1991;~510Ma,锆石原位定年,刘军锋和孙勇,2005;苏犁等,2005)也被不同的研究者用来为解释格林威尔时期蛇绿岩就位年龄(董云鹏等,1997;Dong et al.,2008)或者古生代时期幔源超镁铁岩就位年龄(刘军锋和孙勇,2005;苏犁等,2005)。虽然之后的研究,也有人提出该榴闪岩可能是区域变质的高压榴辉岩退变质作用的产物(刘良等,1995;陈丹玲等,2004;Zhang,1999;Bader et al.,2012),但由于缺乏榴辉岩相矿物组合的确凿证据而未得到广泛的认可。新近,钱加慧等(2013)虽然在榴闪岩中获得了和北秦岭高压-超高压变质岩相同的变质年龄,但依然解释是代表了麻粒岩相变质的时代。本文通过详细的岩相学和矿物化学研究,在该榴闪岩的石榴石及锆石包裹体和基质矿物组合中都发现了绿辉石的残留,结合石榴石的元素地球化学特征及定年结果,从而明确提出松树沟石榴角闪岩是榴辉岩退变质作用的结果。该研究可为松树沟镁铁质-超镁铁质岩石的成因以及秦岭造山带古生代时期的构造演化提供重要约束。
秦岭造山带地处中国大陆中部,分割南北,连接东西,在中国大陆构造地质演化和成矿成藏过程以及中国南北气候带的形成中扮演者重要的角色,是一个经历了长期复杂演化的复合型造山带(许志琴等,1986,1988;许志琴和崔军文,1996;游振东等,1991;张国伟等,1995,1997,2001;张本仁等,1996;张本仁和高山,2002;Zhai et al.,1998;陆松年等,2006,2009;Dong et al.,2011a,b;Ding et al.,2013)。秦岭造山带以商丹和勉略缝合带为界划分为北秦岭构造带(华北板块南缘构造带)、南秦岭构造带(秦岭微板块)和扬子板块北缘构造带三部分(张国伟等,1995,2001;Meng and Zhang,2000)。北秦岭构造带是指商丹断裂带与洛南-栾川-方城断裂带之间的秦岭北部区域(图1),是秦岭造山带中变形变质、岩浆活动最为强烈的地带。带内以多条断裂为界自北向南依次划分为宽坪岩群、二郎坪岩群、秦岭岩群和丹凤岩群。其中,宽坪群位于北秦岭造山带的最北边,由一套强烈变形,变质达高绿片岩相-低角闪岩相的碎屑岩和基性火山岩组成。利用Sm-Nd 等时线和TIMS 锆石定年方法获得宽坪岩群的形成时代为中-新元古代(张寿广等,1991;张宗清和张旗,1995);新近,利用锆石原位定年方法获得其中变基性火山岩的形成年龄为943Ma,变质沉积岩原岩的形成年龄介于530~600Ma(第五春荣等,2010;Zhu et al.,2011;高胜等,2015),甚至也有人给出400~500Ma 的碎屑岩形成年龄(陆松年等,2009),表明宽坪群很可能是由不同时代、不同背景的岩石单元组成的一个构造混杂体。二郎坪群分布于宽坪群以南,主体为一套火山-沉积岩系,其下部的火山岩具有弧后盆地型火山岩和蛇绿岩类特征,其中的硅质岩夹层中发现早中奥陶世牙形石和放射虫化石(王学仁等,1995),最新定年获得火山岩和蛇绿岩中的辉长岩-辉绿岩中锆石的形成年龄为463~474Ma (陆松年等,2003;Dong et al.,2011a;赵姣等,2012)。秦岭岩群呈透镜状夹于二郎坪群和丹凤群之间,以造山带东段豫陕交界一带出露的规模最大,向西经涝峪在太白、西秦岭地区和向东经内乡至桐柏地区断续出露,为一套中深变质杂岩系,是北秦岭构造带的一个重要组成部分。秦岭岩群主体由各种正、副片麻岩、石英片岩和大理岩以及少量呈透镜状或似层状产出的斜长角闪岩和石榴石角闪岩组成。早期研究认为秦岭岩群的形成时代为古元古代,但近年来的研究显示其主体可能为新元古代(时毓等,2009;万渝生等,2011)或中元古至新元古代(陆松年等,2009;杨力等,2010)。细致的岩石学研究发现,秦岭群片麻岩中的这些斜长角闪岩或榴闪岩透镜体多数为退变的高压-超高压榴辉岩(杨经绥等,2002;陈丹玲和刘良,2011;刘良等,2013;Wang et al.,2014),在部分围岩片麻岩中也发现了指示超高压变质的金刚石显微包裹体(杨经绥等,2002)或矿物的特殊出溶结构(Liu et al.,2003)。年代学研究揭示,北秦岭造山带高压-超高压变质作用的时代为485~511Ma(杨经绥等,2002;陈丹玲等,2004;陈丹玲和刘良,2011;Wang et al.,2011,2014;Cheng et al.,2012;刘良等,2013);榴辉岩原岩具有板内玄武岩特征,形成时代为~800Ma(张安达等,2003;陈丹玲和刘良,2011;Wang et al.,2013)。丹凤群位于北秦岭造山带的最南侧,构成分割南、北秦岭的缝合构造带,是秦岭古生代洋盆闭合的产物。丹凤群主体由一套绿片岩相至低角闪岩相的火山-沉积岩系组成,具有以岛弧型火山岩为特点的镁铁质、超镁铁质岩石组合,形成于洋内岛弧构造环境(张成立等,2004;张旗等,1995;张旗和周国庆,2001;张国伟等,2001;陆松年等,2003),其中的放射虫硅质岩夹层中发现寒武-奥陶纪放射虫(崔智林等,1995);新近,在丹凤群西段的岩湾、关子镇、武山等地发现典型的N-MORB 和E-MORB 型蛇绿岩,并确定其形成时代为523~450Ma(Dong et al.,2011a,b 及其参考文献)。
松树沟岩体是北秦岭造山带规模最大的一个镁铁-超镁铁质岩体,分布于陕西商南县富水镇以北,商丹构造带的北侧。岩体长约27km,宽约2km,呈巨大扁长透镜体状产于秦岭群片麻岩中,透镜体的长轴方向与围岩片麻理一致(图1)。其中超镁铁岩体分布于透镜体的核部,主要由橄榄质糜棱岩、中粗粒纯橄岩及少量方辉橄榄岩组成;镁铁质岩类主要由斜长角闪岩及少量呈透镜状产于其中的石榴石角闪岩(榴闪岩)和基性麻粒岩(刘良等,1995)组成,它们绕超镁铁岩体围成一圈,两者以构造关系相接触,在接触面发育滑石菱镁片岩(安三元等,1981)。围岩片麻岩主要为含不等量黑云母和角闪石的长英质片麻岩和大理岩等,部分长英质片麻岩保留了高压麻粒岩相变质作用的记录(刘良和周鼎武,1994)。其后,Liu et al.(2003,2013)又在这些长英质高压麻粒岩的石榴石中发现大量矿物的出溶结构,从而提出这些长英质片麻岩经历了超高压变质作用,是大陆地壳俯冲到200km 以下地幔深度的产物。
图1 北秦岭松树沟地区地质略图(据Dong et al.,2008 修改)Fig.1 Geological sketch map of Songshugou area in North Qinling (after Dong et al.,2008)
本文研究的松树沟榴辉岩原称榴闪岩,呈透镜状产于超镁铁岩体北侧的斜长角闪岩中(图1)。岩石呈深绿褐色,中-粗粒粒状变晶结构,块状或条带状构造。主要由石榴石(30%~40%)、角闪石(40%~50%)、黑云母(5%)、斜长石(5%)、榍石(5%)、透辉石+斜长石或者角闪石+斜长石后成合晶以及少量绿帘石和钛铁矿组成。岩石中石榴石呈淡粉色-粉色、自形-半自形粗粒变斑晶(图2a),粒度变化于0.3~1.0mm,内含多种矿物包裹体(图2b),其中核部富含细粒角闪石(AmpI)、榍石、石英和斜长石(PlI),幔部及边部包体较少,主要为金红石和角闪石(AmpII)或角闪石与斜长石的集合体(图2b),也可见到一些细小的锆石包裹体。石榴石边部发育蠕虫状的角闪石+斜长石(AmpII +PlII)组成的冠状体,向外变为深绿色角闪石,再向外为基质中的绿色角闪石(图2a,b)。本次研究在石榴石幔部的角闪石包体(图2b,c)和基质角闪石的核部(图2d)都发现了残存的绿辉石。其中基质中的绿辉石呈明显短柱状形态残留于角闪石的核部(图2d),多发生强烈退变形成透辉石+斜长石(Di+PlII)后成合晶,再次的退变形成角闪石。石榴石幔部的绿辉石包体多已退变为角闪石,绿辉石仅见于个别角闪石的核部。角闪石为岩石中的另一种主要组成矿物,有三种产状(图2),一种呈绿色包裹于石榴石核部(AmpI),一种呈深绿色出现在石榴石和绿辉石的退变后成合晶中(AmpII),还有就是岩石中大量存在的粗粒角闪石(AmpIII)(粒度>1mm),多呈绿色-深绿色,或核部为浅绿色,边部为深绿色。榍石主要作为石榴石中的包体或基质矿物,粒径1~2mm,多具有钛铁矿反应边。另外,岩石中还可见Pl +Amp +Ilm +Ep 细粒后成合晶,呈石榴石或辉石的假象形态。个别样品中石榴石或单斜辉石消失,变为斜长角闪岩。
对岩石中的石榴石和绿辉石及其退变产物进行了详细的电子探针分析。电子探针分析在西北大学大陆动力学国家重点实验室进行,使用仪器为JXA-8230 型电子探针仪,工作条件:加速电压15kV 束斑电流1 ×10-8A,束斑直径1μm。Fe3+的计算采用电价平衡法获得,矿物晶体化学式的计算采用氧原子数方法。代表性矿物的化学成分及计算结果列于表1、表2。
岩石中石榴石以铁铝榴石为主,但显示明显的核-幔-边多期生长成分环带特征(图3a,b;表1),表现为从核部到幔部石榴石中锰铝榴石(Sps)和铁铝榴石(Alm)分子含量降低(XSps从核部的6% ± 降低为幔部的2% ±;XAlm从58%~61%变为53%~54%),镁铝榴石(Pyr)和钙铝榴石(Grs)分
子含量升高(XPyr从核部的8.7%~10%升高到幔部的13%~15%;XGrs从25% ±变为33% ±),显示进变质生长的特征。在石榴石的边部,锰铝榴石(Sps)和铁铝榴石(Alm)分子含量升高(XSps升高为~4%;XAlm为58%~59%),而镁铝榴石和钙铝榴石分子含量降低(XPyr降为10% ±;XGrs为26%±),指示石榴石边部经历峰期变质之后的退变质扩散作用(图3a)。
表1 松树沟榴辉岩斜长石、石榴石和角闪石代表性矿物成分(wt%)Table 1 Repesentative composition of plagioclases,garnets and amphiboles from the Songshugou eclogite (wt%)
图2 松树沟榴辉岩显微结构照片(a)和背散射照片(b-d)(a)石榴石的显微照片;(b)为(a)对应的背散射图像,石榴石不同部位包体矿物组成及后成合晶;(c)为(b)中方框的放大图,石榴石边部角闪石包体中残留的绿辉石;(d)基质中绿辉石及后成合晶Fig.2 Micrograph and BSE images of eclogite from Songshugou
表2 松树沟榴辉岩单斜辉石代表性矿物成分(wt%)Table 2 Repesentative composition (wt%)of clinopyroxenes from the Songshugou eclogite
图3 石榴石成分剖面(a、b)和单斜辉石(c,据Morimoto et al.,1988)及斜长石(d)分类图Fig.3 Composition profile of garnet (a,b)and types of clinopyroxene (c,after Morimoto et al.,1988)and plagioclase (d)
岩石中的绿辉石有两种产状,作为石榴石幔部的包体矿物(图2b,c)或者基质矿物(图2d),但都经受了强烈的退变质改造,形成透辉石+斜长石(Di+PlII)后成合晶(图2d)或直接退变为角闪石(AmpII)(图2b,c)。电子探针分析结果(表2)得到残留绿辉石中Na2O 含量变化于2.81%~3.57%之间,其中石榴石包体中绿辉石的Na2O 含量(3.11%~3.57%,平均3.35%)明显高于基质绿辉石的Na2O 含量(2.81%~3.36%,平均3.08%),但包体辉石中较高的锥辉石分子含量(5%~10%)导致其硬玉组分的含量偏低(表2),但在辉石分类图中两者都落于绿辉石区域(图3c)。
岩石中的角闪石成分变化较大(表1),其中石榴石核部包裹体中的为韭角闪石或铁韭闪石(AmpI),石榴石外围冠状交生体中的角闪石(AmpII)同样为韭闪石和铁韭闪石;基质角闪石(AmpIII)的核部为阳起石/浅闪石质角闪石,边部向镁质角闪石或韭闪石转变。斜长石有两种产状,作为石榴石核部包体矿物或出现在石榴石和绿辉石的后成合晶产物中。其中,包体斜长石为拉长石-培长石(PlI,An =67~84),石榴石后成合晶或冠状体中的长石以拉长石为主(PlII,An=56~71),绿辉石后成合晶斜长石为奥长石-中长石(PlII,An=21~43)(表1)。
依据上述岩相学和矿物化学特征,松树沟榴闪岩至少可以划分出四个世代的矿物组合:(1)进变质角闪岩相矿物组合,以石榴石核部成分和核部包体矿物组合GrtI+AmpI+PlI+Ttn+Qtz 为代表;(2)峰期榴辉岩相矿物组合,以石榴石的幔部成分和幔部包体绿辉石、金红石以及基质中的绿辉石为代表,矿物组合为GrtII +Omp +Rt +Qtz;(3)早期退变矿物组合,以石榴石、绿辉石及金红石外围的冠状体矿物以及部分石榴石最边部的成分为代表PlII +Cpx +AmpII +Ilm +Qtz+GrtIII;(4)晚期退变质矿物组合,以基质中大量出现的AmpIII+PlIII+Ep+Ilm+Qtz 组合为代表。
在进变质阶段和早期退变质阶段的矿物组合中都出现Grt+Amp+Pl+Qtz(+Cpx,早期退变组合)矿物共生组合,因此,采用Grt-Amp(Graham and Powell,1984)和Grt-Cpx(Ellis and Green,1979;Powell,1985;Krogh,1988)温度计,以及Grt-Amp-Pl-Qtz 压力计(Kohn and Spear,1990),结合石榴石核部和最边部化学组成及核部包体矿物成分,计算得到进变质角闪岩相和早期退变质阶段的温压条件分别为600~700℃,0.4~0.7GPa 和580~700℃,0.8~1.0GPa。峰期的变质温度利用Grt-Cpx Fe-Mg 交换反应温度计(Powell,1985;Ellis and Green,1979),结合石榴石幔部成分和基质以及石榴石包体绿辉石成分获得。由于峰期矿物组合中缺乏多硅白云母、蓝晶石、钠云母等矿物,没有合适的温压计直接计算峰期变质压力,依据钠长石=硬玉+石英变质反应(Holland,1980;Carswell,1990),估算该榴辉岩的形成条件为T=690~750℃,P >1.3GPa。
为了准确限定锆石定年的地质意义,在U-Th-Pb 同位素分析之前,本文首先对分离出的锆石进行了激光拉曼光谱包裹体分析和阴极发光内部结构和微量元素分析。上述分析均在西北大学大陆动力学国家重点实验室完成。其中拉曼光谱分析采用英国Renishaw 公司生成的inVia 激光拉曼分析仪,仪器空间分辨率横向为1μm,纵向为2μm;光谱范围为100~9000。锆石U-Pb 年代学采用LA-ICPMS 锆石原位定年方法完成,实验仪器、实验流程和数据处理方法见文献(Yuan et al.,2008),结果见表3、表4 和图4、图5。
样品中的锆石均呈柱状形态(图4、图5),根据内部结构可区分为两种类型。其中绝大多数为均匀无结构或呈斑杂状结构,可见石榴石、绿辉石和金红石包裹体(图4),具有低的Th/U 比值(0.02~0.08),明显低的稀土元素(REE)和重稀土元素(HREE)含量以及相对平坦的球粒陨石标准化HREE 配分曲线形态,不显示Eu 的负异常(图5a),表明其生长或重结晶过程中存在石榴石而无斜长石与之共生,应为榴辉岩相变质成因锆石;另有少量锆石的核部出现强弱不等的岩浆振荡环带结构,可见绿帘石,斜长石等包裹体,Th/U 比值变化于0.46~1.05,同时显示明显高的REE 和HREE 含量和HREE 明显富集型稀土配分曲线,具明显Eu 的负异常(图5a),代表原岩岩浆锆石的残留。定年结果在U-Pb 谐和图上形成明显不同的两群(图5b),其中6 个核部测点偏离谐和线位于不一致曲线之上,可能在后期变质过程中发生了部分重结晶或铅丢失,5 个谐和核部测点获得206Pb/238U 加权平均年龄为796 ±16Ma,与不一致线的上交点年龄809 ±86Ma 一致,代表榴辉岩的原岩结晶年龄;21 个边部测点获得的206Pb/238U 加权平均年龄为500 ±8Ma,代表榴辉岩相变质时代。
由于强烈的退变质改造导致特征变质矿物的缺乏,松树沟榴闪岩的成因一直存在争议(黄月华,1984;安三元等,1985;Zhang,1999;刘良等,2013;钱加慧等,2013)。本文的研究结果表明,松树沟榴闪岩应该是榴辉岩退变质作用的产物。
图4 松树沟榴辉岩锆石中绿辉石包裹体、基质绿辉石及后成合晶单斜辉石拉曼光谱Fig.4 Raman spectra of omphacite inclusions in zircon,matrix omphacite and clinopyroxenes symplektite in Songshugou eclogite
图5 松树沟榴辉岩的锆石稀土配分图解(a)和U-Pb 谐和图(b)Fig.5 REE-patterns (a)and U-Pb concordia diagrams (b)of zircons in Songshugou eclogite
首先是绿辉石的发现。本次研究在石榴石和锆石的包体以及基质矿物中都发现有绿辉石的残留(图2、图4)。虽然最终测得绿辉石中硬玉组分的含量并不高(Jd 最高为22%),但在辉石的分类图中这些测点皆落入绿辉石区域(图3c)。而且,Di+Pl 后成合晶斜长石的Na 含量(Ab 56~78)明显高出石榴石核部包体(Ab 15~32)和石榴石冠状体中斜长石(Ab 12~42)(图3d)中的Na 含量,表明Di +Pl 源于先期富Na 铁镁矿物的分解,也间接证明了绿辉石的存在(Zhang,1999)。其次,该榴闪岩中石榴石普遍存在成分环带,表现为从石榴石的核部到幔部再到边部,其锰铝榴石和铁铝榴石组分先降再升,而钙铝榴石和镁铝榴石组分先升再降(图2a);结合石榴石核部、幔部包体矿物以及基质中不同期次矿物的种类及成分特征,最终得到该岩石从角闪岩相进变质到榴辉岩相再退变到麻粒岩-角闪岩相的顺时针变质演化过程。由于强烈的退变质改造,也由于缺乏合适的矿物压力计,本次计算没有获得准确的峰期变质压力,因此该岩石是否经历超高压变质有待进一步的研究,但是对石榴石系统的稀土元素分析发现(作者未发表资料),石榴石核部和边部呈现两种明显不同的REE 配分模式(图6),其中核部为HREE 明显富集型,具强弱不等的Eu 负异常,而边部为MREE 富集、HREE 相对亏损型,不显Eu 异常,与柴北缘鱼卡河超高压榴辉岩(Chen et al.,2015)以及已发表的世界各地超高压榴辉岩中石榴石的稀土特征一致(Konrad-Schmolke et al.,2008;夏琼霞和郑永飞,2011;夏琼霞等,2013),至少也可以证明,松树沟榴闪岩是榴辉岩相变质作用的结果。另外,岩石中(表3、图5a)变质锆石(或锆石变质微区)明显低的HREE 含量和Eu 负异常的缺乏也可以证明,这些锆石形成于斜长石不稳定的榴辉岩相阶段。因此,松树沟的榴闪岩应是榴辉岩退变质作用的产物。
表3 榴闪岩锆石LA-ICP-MS 微量元素分析结果(×10 -6)Table 3 Trace element composition (×10 -6)of zircons from Songshugou eleogite
图6 石榴石的稀土元素配分模式Fig.6 REE patterns of garnets in Songshugou eclogite
前人利用锆石原位U-Pb 定年方法,已经给出该岩石的变质年龄介于496~514Ma(刘军锋和孙勇,2005;钱加慧等,2013),与本文的定年结果在误差范围内一致。但由于对岩石变质成因认识的差异而被解释为超镁铁岩“热”侵位年龄(刘军锋和孙勇,2005)或麻粒岩相变质年龄(李晔等,2012;钱加慧等,2013;Wang et al.,2014)。本次研究在榴闪岩的石榴石包体和基质矿物中残留绿辉石的发现,结合锆石的形貌、Th/U 比值(0.02~0.08)以及重稀土平坦,无Eu 负异常的稀土配分曲线形态,尤其是锆石包裹体中绿辉石和石榴石的发现(图4a,b)皆无疑表明,本次得到的500 ±8Ma 应是本区榴辉岩相变质作用的年龄。该年龄与松树沟超高压长英质变质岩(496Ma,刘良等,2013)、官坡-狮子坪超高压榴辉岩及其围岩片麻岩(485~507Ma,杨经绥等,2002;陈丹玲和刘良,2011;Wang et al.,2011;Cheng et al.,2012)、商南清油河榴辉岩和含金刚石斜长角闪岩(刘良等,2013;Wang et al.,2014),以及秦岭群中呈透镜状产出的榴闪岩/斜长角闪岩(~500Ma,刘良等,2013 及其参考文献)和围岩片麻岩的变质年龄(490Ma,Diwu et al.,2014)在误差范围内一致,表明它们应该是同一构造作用过程的产物。而且,这些高压-超高压岩石在秦岭群中的分布并不局限于某一侧或两侧,而是具有面状分布的特征,表明秦岭岩群可能整体卷入了古生代的俯冲和碰撞作用。
表4 锆石U-Pb 定年结果Table 4 LA-ICPMS U-Pb analyses results of zircons from Songshugou eclogite
随着高压-超高压变质岩石在秦岭群的不断发现,有关北秦岭高压-超高压岩石的成因以及秦岭造山带的早期演化前人已提出多种模式(黄月华,1984;Dong et al.,2011a,b;张建新等,2011;Bader et al.,2013;Wu and Zheng,2013;刘良等,2013;Wang et al.,2014)。由于松树沟榴闪岩在空间上与超镁铁岩关系密切,因此有的学者将其形成与超镁铁岩侵位引起的热接触变质作用相联系(黄月华,1984;苏文等,2013)。最近也有学者依据南侧的松树沟一带主要出露的是高温低压的麻粒岩,而北侧官坡-狮子坪一带主要是榴辉岩,两者形成于不同的热动力学背景,从而提出“双变质带”观点(张建新等,2011)。本文的研究揭示,松树沟榴闪岩应该是榴辉岩退变质的产物,因而不可能形成于低压高温的热接触变质作用;而且该榴辉岩与官坡超高压榴辉岩具有一致的顺时针P-T 演化轨迹、一致的原岩结晶和榴辉岩相变质年龄,说明两者很可能经历了相同的演化过程,也与“双变质带”的特征不符。
Dong et al.(2011a)用两条俯冲带的双向俯冲模式来解释已发现的HP-UHP 变质岩石,认为北侧的榴辉岩是二郎坪弧后洋盆向南俯冲到北秦岭地体之下形成,而松树沟地区的高压麻粒岩是商丹洋向北俯冲过程中刮削下来的秦岭地体俯冲变质而成。但现在越来越多的研究表明,北秦岭的高压-超高压岩石并非局限于南北两侧而是具有面状分布的特征(刘良等,2013;Wang et al.,2014);而且,年代学和地球化学研究也表明,官坡超高压榴辉岩的原岩具有板内玄武岩的地球化学特征,形成于~800Ma 的新元古代(张安达等,2003;陈丹玲等,2011;Wang et al.,2013),而二郎坪玄武岩具有弧后盆地玄武岩的地球化学特征,形成时代为460~480Ma 的早古生代(孙卫东等,1996;陆松年等,2009;赵姣等,2012)。因此,北秦岭榴辉岩无论从形成时代还是构造属性上都与二郎坪弧后盆地玄武岩存在明显差异,不具有成因关系。新近,Bader et al.(2013)提出陆内俯冲模型来解释北秦岭榴辉岩与麻粒岩的形成,但是秦岭岩群中高压-超高压岩石的广泛分布以及断层的缺失并不支持陆内俯冲的模式。
本文定年结果得到的松树沟榴辉岩原岩结晶年龄(796±16Ma)与前人获得的官坡榴辉岩~800Ma 的原岩结晶年龄(陈丹玲和刘良,2011;Wang et al.,2011;Cheng et al.,2012)一致,也与商南清油河榴辉岩(>660Ma,刘良等,2013)以及秦岭岩群中的榴闪岩/石榴辉石岩/斜长角闪岩原岩结晶年龄(~800Ma,李晔等,2012;刘良等,2013;Wang et al.,2011)在误差范围内一致,表明北秦岭地区榴辉岩/榴闪岩的原岩主体形成于新元古代(~800Ma),这与南秦岭及华南板块有明显的亲缘性(Wu et al.,2013;刘良等,2013;Wang et al.,2014),因此,北秦岭HP-UHP 变质岩石的形成很可能是商丹洋拖曳南秦岭部分新元古代陆壳物质在(500Ma 向华北南缘之下发生陆壳俯冲-深俯冲作用的产物(刘良等,2013)。
如前所述,由于松树沟超镁铁岩的矿物组合比较简单,有关超镁铁岩的成因多来自于与其关系密切的角闪岩/榴闪岩的研究结果。从地质图上(图1)可以看出,松树沟镁铁质岩石(榴辉岩/榴闪岩/斜长角闪岩)环绕超镁铁质岩分布,如果松树沟榴闪岩与秦岭群大部分榴闪岩一样都是与古生代大陆俯冲和折返作用有关的退变质的高压(超高压)榴辉岩,那么,超镁铁岩与变质镁铁质岩石之间到底是“原位”关系?即两者的原岩为新元古代时期就位的大洋蛇绿岩残片(Dong et al.,2008 及其参考文献),在古生代秦岭洋关闭的过程中随围岩发生俯冲再折返回地表;还是“异地”关系?即镁铁质岩石折返过程中或折返之后两者构造就位在一起。从目前的研究结果来看,同折返构造就位的可能性更大。首先,现有的岩石地球化学研究表明,北秦岭榴辉岩多具有大陆玄武岩的地球化学特征(陈丹玲和刘良,2011;Wang et al.,2013);另外野外观察发现,松树沟镁铁质岩石与超镁铁岩之间存在滑石菱镁片岩等低温高压变质岩石(黄月华,1984),而且,对松树沟超镁铁岩体的变质变形和显微构造的研究(董云鹏等,1997;许志琴等,1988;宋述光等,1998)发现该岩体先后经历了高温和低温两次挤压变形作用;说明两者并不构成一个整体或经历相同的变质演化,它们之间为构造侵位关系;另外,松树沟超镁铁岩中大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、U、Sr和轻稀土元素的明显富集以及LREE 富集型稀土配分模式(董云鹏等,1997;苏犁等,2005;刘军锋等,2008)也与蛇绿岩下部的亏损地幔特征不同(苏犁等,2005;刘军锋等,2008)而与俯冲流体交代的岩石圈地幔特征相似。因此,我们认为松树沟超镁铁岩很可能是古生代时期深俯冲的大陆板块在折返的过程中携带上来的大陆俯冲隧道中受流体交代的地幔橄榄岩。
(1)北秦岭松树沟超镁铁岩旁侧的榴闪岩是退变质的榴辉岩。
(2)该榴辉岩的原岩形成于新元古代(~800Ma),在古生代早期(~500Ma)随围岩一起发生陆壳的俯冲和折返。
致谢 感谢西北大学大陆动力学实验室的柳小明和杨文强老师在锆石定年和矿物主、微量元素分析方面的帮助;感谢孙勇教授的有益讨论和建议。
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