夏秀波等
摘 要:为了研究大葱伴生栽培对日光温室连作番茄植株生长、产量和光合参数的影响,以大葱和番茄为研究对象,测定了番茄植株的株高、茎粗、叶片数、节间长、产量及光合参数。研究结果表明,大葱伴生栽培不改变番茄植株叶片数,但能有效增加番茄株高、茎粗和节间长,且植株长势旺盛;净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均明显高于对照处理,且大葱伴生番茄植株的净光合速率与对照处理差异显著。
关键词:伴生栽培;大葱;番茄;生长;产量;光合特性
目前,在蔬菜间作、套作和伴生栽培方面欧美专家已经开展了大量的研究[1~6]。这些栽培模式能够增加生物的相对多样性,保持生态的相对稳定性,具有防病[7,8],诱虫[9],防虫[10~13]和增产[14,15]等优点,有利于促进蔬菜的可持续安全生产。大葱伴生栽培能够有效防控番茄的根结线虫病,降低其为害,防治效果能达到80%以上。在前期防病试验的基础上,研究了大葱伴生栽培对番茄生长、产量和光合特性的影响,以期为伴生栽培的生产应用提供理论依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 供试材料
以红果番茄和大葱为试验材料。番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)品种为烟红101(山东省烟台市农业科学研究院选育);大葱(Allium fistulosum L. var. giganteum Makion)品种为章丘大葱。
试验于2012年7月至2013年1月在山东省烟台市农业科学研究院日光温室内进行。该温室连续种植番茄达12 a,根结线虫病和土传病害严重。土壤养分含量分别为:土壤碱解氮384.6 mg/kg,速效磷263.2 mg/kg,速效钾324.8 mg/kg,有机质22.60 g/kg。
1.2 试验设计
试验设2个处理,每个处理3次重复。株距33.33 cm,采用50 cm和80 cm的大小行距,小区面积6.5 m2。以大葱伴生番茄,即在番茄植株两侧5 cm处各定植1株大葱为处理;以单作的番茄为对照(CK)。番茄和大葱于2014年8月6日定植。分别于8月17日、9月17日和12月17日测定番茄株高、茎粗和叶片数生长指标,11月5日测定叶片光合参数,收获后测果实性状及产量。
1.3 指标测定方法
常规方法测定株高、茎粗、叶片数、单果质量和产量;果实硬度采用GY-1型果实硬度计(牡丹江市机械研究所生产)测定;可溶性固形物采用WYT-4型手持式糖量计(泉州中友光学仪器有限公司生产)测定;光合速率采用LI-6400XT便携式光合仪(美国LI-COR公司生产)在10:00左右测定。选取番茄第3片叶进行气孔导度(Gs)、净光合速率(Pr)、胞间CO2 浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)的测定。
1.4 数据分析
数据整理采用Excel 2003。数据分析,差异显著性测验使用DPS 7.05。
2 结果与分析
2.1 大葱伴生栽培对番茄生长状况的影响
①对番茄株高的影响 由图1可知,随着时间的延长,大葱伴生处理的番茄和对照单作番茄的植株高度逐步增加。在苗期,大葱伴生处理番茄的植株高度和对照单作番茄植株高度差异不明显;随着时间的延长,后期大葱伴生处理的番茄植株高度明显高于对照。
②对番茄茎粗的影响 由图2可知,随着时间的延长,大葱伴生处理的番茄和对照单作番茄的植株粗度逐步增加。在苗期,大葱伴生处理的番茄植株粗度和对照单作番茄差异不明显;但随着时间的延长,后期大葱伴生处理的番茄的植株粗度明显大于对照。
③对番茄叶片数的影响 由图3可知,随着时间的延长,大葱伴生处理的番茄和对照单作番茄的植株叶片数逐步增多;但整个生长期,大葱伴生处理的番茄植株叶片数和对照单作番茄差异不明显。
④对番茄节间长的影响 由图4可知,随着时间的延长,大葱伴生处理的番茄和对照单作番茄的植株节间长逐步增长。在苗期,大葱伴生处理的番茄植株节间长和对照单作番茄差异不明显;但随着时间的延长,后期大葱伴生处理的番茄植株节间长明显大于对照。
可见,大葱伴生栽培能够增加连作番茄的株高、茎粗和节间长,但是不影响连作番茄植株叶片数。这与大葱伴生栽培过程中番茄的整体长势明显好于对照单作番茄的表现基本一致。
2.2 大葱伴生栽培对番茄光合特性的影响
由表1可知,大葱伴生处理的番茄的净光合速率为17.28 μmol CO2/(m2·s),显著高于对照单作番茄;大葱伴生处理的番茄的气孔导度和蒸腾速率高于对照单作番茄,但是差异不显著;大葱伴生处理的番茄的胞间CO2浓度低于对照单作番茄,但是差异不显著。
2.3 大葱伴生栽培对番茄产量的影响
①对番茄单果质量的影响 由表2 可知,大葱伴生处理的番茄的单果质量为181.25 g,显著大于对照单作番茄。
②对番茄品质的影响 由表2可知,大葱伴生处理的番茄果实硬度为9.50 kg/cm2,比对照单作番茄大0.70 kg/cm2,差异不显著;大葱伴生处理的番茄果实可溶性固形物含量为4.45%,比对照单作番茄高0.15%,但差异不显著。
③对番茄产量的影响 由表2可知,大葱伴生番茄的小区产量为69.28 kg,显著高于对照单作番茄;大葱伴生处理番茄667 m2产量为7 105.61 kg,也显著高于对照单作番茄,与对照比增产8.30%。
3 结论与讨论
本试验结果表明,大葱伴生栽培能够有效增加连作番茄的株高、茎粗和节间长,且植株长势旺盛。光合参数测定表明,净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均明显高于对照处理,且大葱伴生栽培番茄植株的净光合速率与对照处理差异显著,这与生长指标的表现趋势基本一致。试验中大葱伴生栽培番茄的单果质量、果实可溶性固形物含量、硬度和产量明显高于对照单作番茄,这与前期试验结果基本一致[17]。这可能是由于大葱伴生有效地防控了根结线虫病,减少了根结线虫对植株的为害。
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Abstract: In order to study effects of accompanied planting welsh onion on greenhouse tomato growth, yield and photosynthetic characteristics, we took welsh onion and tomato as test materials, investigated plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, internode length, yield and photosynthetic parameters. The results showed that, accompanied planting welsh onion didn't chang leaf number, but it effectively increased plant height, stem diameter and internode length of tomato which grew strongly. Net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of tomato planted with welsh onion were obviously higher than control, and there was a significant difference between it with control in net photosynthetic rate.
Key words: Accompanied planting; Welsh onion; Tomato; Growth; Yield; Photosynthetic characteristics