李凤宪,白新会,万 乐,关庆彬,李鹏川
1.天津市勘察院,天津 300191 2.吉林大学地球科学学院,长春 130061
内蒙苏尼特右旗吉布胡楞土岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、地球化学特征及地质意义
李凤宪1,白新会2,万 乐2,关庆彬2,李鹏川2
1.天津市勘察院,天津 300191 2.吉林大学地球科学学院,长春 130061
在华北板块北缘白乃庙岛弧岩浆活动带中发现了一套石榴石白云母花岗岩。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果显示,该石榴石白云母花岗岩的结晶年龄为(500.8±2.4)Ma,为晚寒武世岩浆活动的产物。主量元素岩石地球化学特征方面:该岩体富硅、铝(w(SiO2)=72.50%~74.11%;w(Al2O3)=14.73%~16.43%),贫铁、镁、钙(w(TFeO)=0.67%~1.14%;w(MgO)= 0.09%;w(CaO)=0.30%~0.61%),为高分异花岗岩(分异指数DI=91.99~93.20);铝饱和指数均大于1.1,发育富铝矿物石榴石和白云母,为过铝质花岗岩,但并非S型花岗岩;综合认为该石榴石白云母花岗岩是一套富铝、贫铁镁钙的高分异钙碱性I型花岗岩。微量元素特征方面:稀土总量较低,轻重稀土分馏不明显,具有强烈的负Eu异常;具明显的稀土元素四分组效应;并且部分岩石样品的Nb、Ta含量较高,暗示该岩体是分异岩浆与流体作用的产物。该岩体可为Nb、Ta等稀有金属成矿提供必要的物质基础。
花岗岩;LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年;地球化学;稀土元素四分组效应;高分异
研究区大地构造位置为华北板块北缘中段早古生代造山带内[1],属于中亚造山带的中东部,岩浆活动复杂。中亚造山带是我国显生宙以来演化历史最长、构造岩浆活动最复杂的造山带之一[2-7],也是世界上最重要的稀有金属(锂、铍、铌、钽)成矿带之一[8]。在早古生代造山带中出露多种早古生代侵入岩,其成因多与古亚洲洋的俯冲消减作用有关[9-10]。很多学者[10-11]认为,正是由于古亚洲洋板块向南俯冲到华北板块之下,形成了包括蛇绿岩带、俯冲-增生杂岩和岛弧岩浆岩的中亚造山带的中东段,但俯冲时限仍存在争议。
最近在苏尼特右旗温都尔庙以南吉布胡楞土地区识别出一套石榴石白云母花岗岩。笔者在前人区域研究的基础上,采用野外地质调查和室内综合研究相结合的方法,通过岩石的主、微量元素及U-Pb同位素对该套花岗岩的源岩物质、成岩机理和成岩时代进行研究,试讨论该套花岗岩的形成对区域早古生代演化的意义。
吉布胡楞土岩体出露于徐尼乌苏断裂以北,温都尔庙断裂以南,白乃庙岛弧岩浆活动带中(图1a)。区域内最老的地层单元为白云鄂博群,主要分布在徐尼乌苏断裂以南;出露面积最大的地层单元为温都尔庙群,分布在温都尔庙断裂以北地区,因其锆石来源复杂年龄差异较大,前人对其形成时代有不同的认识[12-14];出露于白乃庙岛弧岩浆活动带中的白乃庙群为一套原岩由中基性-酸性火山岩夹泥岩组成的弧后火山沉积建造。研究区内的侵入岩主要分布在白乃庙岛弧岩浆活动带中。该岩浆岛弧带形成于早古生代,延续到晚古生代,很多专家和学者都对该岛弧岩浆活动带中的岩浆岩进行过研究,研究对象包括出露在吉布胡楞土岩体北部的变质辉长岩、斜长花岗岩和埃达克质岩,以及西部的石英闪长岩等:Jian 等[10]在该区的变质辉长岩和斜长花岗岩中得到锆石SHRIMP年龄为497~477 Ma;刘敦一等[9]在图林凯地区发现的埃达克质英安岩的年龄为458 Ma;Zhang等[15]测定石英闪长岩的年龄为(419±10) Ma,并侵入白乃庙群之中。这些侵入岩的形成均与俯冲作用相关。
地理位置上,该岩体主体分布在白乃庙地区白银哈尔北15 km处的吉布胡楞土附近,岩性为石榴石白云母花岗岩,呈岩株状产出,出露总面积为6.10 km2(图1b)。吉布胡楞土岩体是研究区内已发现的最古老的地质体,被奥陶纪白乃庙岛弧侵入岩和早二叠世闪长玢岩侵入,寒武--奥陶系白乃庙群和石炭系阿木山组角度不整合覆盖其上,晚侏罗世玛尼吐组火山岩、石英脉和早白垩世花岗斑岩与其呈北东向断层接触。
a据文献[7]。图1 研究区早古生代构造分区图(a)及吉布胡楞土岩体地质简图(b) Fig.1 Early Paleozoic tectonic zoning map of the study area (a) and geology of the Jibuhulengtu pluton (b)
石榴石白云母花岗岩野外露头较差,风化破碎强烈(图2a),色率较低(小于5%),为浅色花岗岩(图2b),细粒花岗结构,块状构造。主要矿物:微斜长石(35%)、斜长石(25%左右,轻微绢云母化)、石英(30%)、白云母(5%)和石榴石(5%)。微斜长石发育格子双晶;斜长石呈板柱状,部分发育聚片双晶;石英多呈不规则粒状;白云母呈片状,且颗粒较大,发育在长石颗粒之间,多为原生白云母;石榴石半自形,显均质性(图2c)。可以大致判断结晶顺序为石榴石、斜长石、微斜长石、白云母,最后结晶的为石英。此外,岩石中常见磷灰石、锆石等副矿物。
a.野外露头(宏观);b.石榴石白云母花岗岩岩石特征;c.石榴石白云母花岗岩显微特征(正交偏光)。Gt.石榴子石;Ms.白云母;Pl.斜长石;Mi.微斜长石;Q.石英。图2 吉布胡楞土石榴石白云母花岗岩的岩石学特征Fig.2 The petrography feature of the Jibuhulengtu pluton
在吉布胡楞土石榴石白云母花岗岩岩体中采集了4块新鲜全岩分析样品,样品编号分别为P20b17-1、P20b19-1、P20b21-1和P20bz-1。对样品P20b19-1(采样位置113°00′54″E,42°15′03″N)进行年龄测定,分析流程如下。
锆石的分选工作在河北省廊坊市区域地质调查研究所实验室完成,之后在中国地质科学研究所北京离子探针中心完成了锆石制靶、反射光、透射光和阴极发光(CL)的显微照相。锆石 U-Pb 年龄分析在天津地质矿产研究所进行,采用激光烧蚀多接收器等离子体质谱仪( LA-MC-ICP-MS) 进行U-Pb同位素测定,具体仪器配置和实验流程参照文献[16]。采用GJ-1作为外部锆石年龄标准进行U-Pb同位素分馏校正[17],采用中国地质大学刘勇胜[18]研发的ICPMSDataCal 程序和Ludwid[19]的Isoplot 程序进行数据处理,利用NIST612 玻璃标样作为外标计算锆石样品Pb、U、Th的质量分数。
石榴石白云母花岗岩的锆石多为无色,呈自形--半自形长柱状,多大于100 μm,具有明显的岩浆振荡环带和高的Th/U值(大于0.4),反映了岩浆锆石的特点[20]。共测试20个点,测得的年龄值较为一致(表1),仅8号锆石年龄值偏差较大,年龄为234 Ma,观察其锆石特征(图3),认为其为变质锆石,故将其舍去。将其余锆石年龄进行统计,其206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为(500.8±2.4)Ma(图4,MSWD=1.3),该年龄代表石榴石白云母花岗岩岩体的成岩年龄。
对采集的4个岩石样品进行主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素的测定,分析测试工作均在天津地质调查中心实验室完成。主量元素采用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)测定,微量元素和稀土元素采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(TJA-PQ-ExCell ICP-MS)测定。具体的主量和微量元素分析数据见表2、表3。
图3 石榴石白云母花岗岩的锆石CL图像Fig.3 Zircons CL images for the granet-bearing muscovite granite
图4 石榴石白云母花岗岩的年龄谐和图和加权平均年龄图Fig.4 U-Pb concordia diagrams and weighted average age diagram of the LA-ICP-MS zircon data for the granet-bearing muscovite granite
样品号wB/10-6PbU232Th/238U同位素比值206Pb/238U±1σ207Pb/235U±1σ207Pb/206Pb±1σ年龄/Ma206Pb/238U±1σ207Pb/235U±1σP20b19-1111330.51740.08070.00080.64360.01910.05780.0016500550515P20b19-2141411.07490.08190.00090.66050.01930.05850.0015507651515P20b19-3131540.50890.07950.00070.66450.01370.06060.0012493451711P20b19-4111340.49060.08100.00070.65950.01790.05900.0014502551414P20b19-5101210.47870.08090.00070.64250.01640.05760.0015501450413P20b19-6141610.49870.08000.00070.66260.01220.06000.0011496451610P20b19-7222630.33890.08170.00060.65020.00870.05770.000850645097P20b19-89223970.40660.03690.00030.34830.00390.06850.000823423033P20b19-9769200.41480.08110.00080.65720.00710.05880.000650355136P20b19-10252970.56090.07960.00070.62230.00710.05670.000649444916P20b19-11172040.47180.08240.00070.62370.01020.05490.000951144928P20b19-12141660.53160.08050.00060.64970.01460.05860.0013499450811P20b19-13161850.55480.08120.00060.64680.01150.05770.001050445069P20b19-14202280.55010.08100.00070.65270.00930.05850.000850255107P20b19-15161720.82360.08070.00070.65650.01200.05900.001150055129P20b19-16131500.61090.08210.00080.69770.01260.06160.0011509553710P20b19-17121340.55660.08000.00070.66860.02790.06060.0024496452022P20b19-18151730.65880.07950.00070.67410.01930.06150.0017493552315P20b19-19333720.54240.08120.00070.63190.00780.05640.000750344976P20b19-20252850.62300.08050.00050.64290.00880.05790.000749935047
表2 吉布胡楞土石榴石白云母花岗岩主量元素分析结果
表3 吉布胡楞土岩体岩微量元素分析结果
3.1 主量元素特征
该岩体SiO2质量分数较高,w(SiO2)=72.50%~74.11%,属于酸性岩;富铝,w(Al2O3)=14.73%~16.43%;贫铁、镁、钙,w(TFeO)=0.67%~1.14%,w(MgO)=0.09%,w(CaO)=0.30%~0.61%。w(K2O)=1.31%~3.99%,w(Na2O)=4.17%~5.95%(表2),在TAS图解中位于花岗岩的区域中(图5a);岩石的里特曼指数为2.02~2.51(仅K质量分数低的一块样品为1.14),属于钙碱性岩石(图5b);铝饱和指数A/CNK为1.14~1.29,为强过铝质岩石(图5c)。该岩体的分异指数(DI)为91.99~93.20,为高分异花岗岩。综合其特征,该石榴石白云母花岗岩是一套富铝、贫铁镁钙的高分异钙碱性花岗岩。
图a、b的界线分别据文献[21]和[22]。图5 吉布胡楞土岩体的TAS图解(a)、w(SiO2)-w(K2O)图解(b)和铝饱和指数图解(c)Fig.5 TAS(a), w(SiO2) vs. w(K2O)(b) and Shand Index diagrams(c) for the samples from the Jibuhulengtu pluton
3.2 微量元素特征
该石榴石白云母花岗岩样品的稀土总量变化较大(w(∑REE)=(12.52~55.16)×10-6),平均值为30.26×10-6,这个数值远远低于世界上酸性岩的平均丰度(288×10-6)。这可能与该石榴石白云母花岗岩中缺乏类似黑云母等暗色矿物及一些稀土元素载体副矿物(如磷钇矿、独居石、萤石等)有关[23]。w(∑LREE)为(13.98~42.91)×10-6,w(∑HREE为(6.65~12.25)×10-6,∑LREE/∑HREE=2.10~3.50。
4个样品的轻重稀土分馏不是很明显,表现为强烈Eu负异常的“V”字型曲线(图6a),δEu为0.09~0.14,可能为源区在部分熔融过程中基性斜长石作为残留相的结果。(La/Yb)N为1.09~2.09,(La/Sm)N为0.95~2.15,(Gd/Lu)N为0.41~1.40。在稀土元素配分模式上均表现出明显的四分组效应(图6a)。
球粒陨石标准化值据文献[24];原始地幔标准化值据文献[25]。图6 吉布胡楞土岩体的稀土元素配分曲线(a)和微量元素蛛网图(b)Fig.6 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns (a) and primitive mantle-normalized trace element spiderdiagram (b) for the samples from Jibuhulengtu pluton
在微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图(图6b)中,其表现为明显的Rb、Ta正异常和Ba、Sr和Ti等的负异常。Nb、Ta的相对富集说明该岩浆并非来源于地壳;Ba和Sr一般富集于斜长石中,其亏损指示了斜长石可能作为残留相或源区缺乏斜长石。
4.1 形成时代
吉布胡楞土石榴石白云母花岗岩(样品编号P20b19-1)锆石多为无色,呈自形--半自形长柱状,表现出典型的岩浆锆石特征,测得的年龄值非常稳定(表1),206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为(500.8±2.4)Ma(图4,MSWD=1.3),代表石榴石白云母花岗岩岩体的成岩年龄。该年龄早于区域中其他白乃庙岛弧岩浆带中的岩浆岩[9-10,15]。
4.2 岩体形成的温压条件
锆石饱和温度计算是获得岩浆初始温度的主要方法之一,锆石中Zr的分配系数对温度十分敏感,其在岩浆中的含量与温度存在相关性,而其他因素对其没有明显影响[26]。全岩中Zr与岩浆温度之间的关系[27-28]为TZr=129 000/[2.95+0.85M+ln(496 000/wmelt(Zr))]。其中:M=(n(Na)+n(K)+2n(Ca))/(n(Al)n(Si))(计算中,令n(Si)+n(Al)+n(Fe)+n(Mg)+n(Ca)+n(Na)+n(K)+n(P)=1(摩尔数));TZr为绝对温度;wmelt(Zr)为熔体中Zr的质量分数,可用全岩中Zr的质量分数近似代表。计算得到该岩体的形成温度为645~685 ℃,平均值为667 ℃,为低温花岗岩,其形成可能与流体的加入有关[28]。
4.3 四分组效应
Chappell和White等[29-30]提出,判别S型花岗岩需存在岩浆成因的堇青石,并且铝饱和指数较高(>1.1)。仅靠白云母和石榴石的出现并不能判断为S型花岗岩,因为过铝的I型花岗岩也会有白云母和石榴石的出现[31-33]。岩石样品在判别图解中位于I型花岗岩的区域中(图7,一个岩石样品的钾质量分数过低)。
图7 吉布胡楞土岩体w(Na2O)-w(K2O)判别图解Fig.7 w(Na2O)-w(K2O) discrimination diagram of the Jibuhulengtu pluton
笔者报道的吉布胡楞土岩体为高分异钙碱性花岗岩,铝饱和指数较高,稀土元素表现出明显的四分组效应(图6)。Jahn 等[34]认为稀土元素的四分组效应常见于强热液交代的岩浆晚期阶段,包括高度演化的淡色花岗岩、伟晶岩和矿化花岗岩。
该岩体与Wu 等[35]报道的东北地区的东清岩体的特征极为相似,强烈地亏损Ba、Sr、Ti等元素,且具有四分组效应;一些学者[36-37]研究证实稀土元素四分组效应往往伴随着其他元素的异常行为。这种现象在笔者研究的石榴石白云母花岗岩中表现明显(图8),与正常花岗岩相比,其K/Rb、La/Nb、La/Ta值明显偏低,K/Ba值明显偏高。大部分火成岩中的Zr/Hf值的变化范围很小,为38±2,本次测定的Zr/Hf的值分别为10.82、12.62、16.12、12.96,明显低于38,且与表征稀土元素四分组效应的参数TE1,3表现为一定的负相关性;Y/Ho值多落入正常岩浆岩区,与参数TE1,3表现为正相关性;Eu/Eu*值很低,分别为0.09、0.13、0.14、0.10,这不能仅仅用斜长石的结晶分离来解释,后期强烈的熔体相互作用加剧了Eu的负异常。这些地球化学特征表明其是岩浆-流体相互作用的产物[35,38]。
4.4 地质意义
笔者研究的石榴石白云母花岗岩中1个岩石样品(编号P20b17-1)的w(Nb)=70.30×10-6、w(Ta)=32.20×10-6。而参照稀有金属的品位(我国所规定的钽铌矿床边界品位指标为(Ta,Nb)2O5=0.012%~0.015%)[39],前人[38]研究认为,具有稀土元素四分组效应的花岗岩一般与成矿相关,都是花岗岩浆作用最晚阶段残余熔体结晶的产物,强烈的分离结晶作用可导致Nb、Ta、Zr等稀有金属的富集。因此,笔者认为吉布胡楞土岩体的形成可能有漫长的过程,而Nb、Ta质量分数较高的样品应该为更晚期阶段的产物,该岩体为稀有金属矿床的形成提供了必要的物质基础。
4.5 构造环境
华北板块在中新元古代进入了相对稳定的演化时期[40-41],华北板块北缘的大地构造属性为被动大陆边缘。进入早寒武世之后,随着古亚洲洋洋中脊的不断扩张,大洋板块自北向南俯冲到大陆板块之下,华北板块北缘的构造属性由被动大陆边缘转变为活动大陆边缘[42],附近出露的白乃庙群变质火山岩就形成于活动大陆边缘弧环境中[43]。自此,华北板块北缘进入了漫长的古亚洲洋俯冲消减造山阶段[7]。
笔者报道的石榴石白云母花岗岩是高分异的受热液流体影响的I型花岗岩,因此,基于正常花岗岩的构造判别图解,并不适用于该岩体。该岩体锆石饱和温度计算得到的667 ℃的成岩温度、微量元素的四分组效应和其他元素的异常行为均暗示该岩体的形成与岩浆-流体的相互作用有关。
图8 吉布胡楞土岩体的四分组效应Fig.8 Variation of key elemental ratios as a function of the tetrad effect
吉布胡楞土岩体出露于白乃庙岛弧岩浆带中,出露面积较小,锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年显示温都尔庙地区德言其庙斜长角闪岩(原岩为辉长岩)形成年龄为(490.3±4.6) Ma(未正式发表数据);Jian等[10]测得图林凯奥长花岗岩的年龄为(471.6±1.7) Ma,并认为俯冲开始于498~461 Ma。而本文报道的石榴石白云母花岗岩成岩年龄为(500.8±2.4) Ma,且应该与岩浆-流体的相互作用有关,这些特点均暗示形成该岩体俯冲事件是独立的。因此,吉布胡楞土岩体的形成可能代表古亚洲洋向华北板块的一次俯冲事件,且俯冲的开始时间早于晚寒武世。
1)高精度LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果显示,吉布胡楞土石榴石白云母花岗岩的年龄为(500.8±2.4)Ma,即形成于晚寒武世。
2)吉布胡楞土岩体为具有稀土元素四分组效应的高分异花岗岩,为岩浆晚期阶段残余熔体结晶的产物,部分样品富集Nb、Ta,为稀有金属矿床的形成提供了必要的物质基础。
3)吉布胡楞土岩体并非S型花岗岩,而是高分异的具有四分组效应的I型花岗岩;根据计算得到岩体的形成温度约为667 ℃,为低温花岗岩。这两种特征都暗示吉布胡楞土岩体的形成与岩浆-流体的加入有关,暗示了古亚洲洋向华北板块的俯冲活动早于晚寒武世。
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Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb Dating, Geochemistry of the Jibuhulengtu Garnet-Bearing Muscovite Granitic Pluton in Mongolia and Its Geological Significance
Li Fengxian1,Bai Xinhui2,Wan Le2,Guan Qingbin2,Li Pengchuan2
1.TianjinInstituteofGeotechnicalInvestigation&Surveying,Tianjin300191,China2.CollegeofEarthSciences,JilinUniversity,Changchun130061,China
There is a set of garnet-bearing muscovite granite in Bainaimiao island arc magmatic active belt that belongs to the northern part of the North China Craton. The Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating yields weighted mean206Pb/238U age of (500.8±2.4) Ma, indicating that the garnet-bearing muscovite granite was formed during the Late Cambrian. The petrogeochemistry is characterized by rich in Si,Al(w(SiO2)=72.50%-74.11%,w(Al2O3)=14.73%-16.43%)), poor in Fe, Mg and Ca (w(TFeO)=0.67%-1.14%,w(MgO)=0.09%,w(CaO)=0.30%-0.61%). The garnet-bearing muscovite granite is highly differentiated with itsDIof 91.99-93.20,the Shand Indexes of the garnet-bearing muscovite granitesare higher than 1.1, typical for high aluminum minerals, like garnet and muscovite. They are not S-type granite, but highly differentiated-Calc alkaline granite. The petrogeochemistry of rare earth element is characterized by low REE with strong depletion of Eu, showing a tetrad REE pattern. Some samples are rich in Nb, Ta, which indicates that the pluton was formed by magma differentiation and magma-fluid interaction. This pluton provided the necessary material foundation for other rare metal mineralization, such as Nb, Ta.
granite; Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating; geochemistry; REE tetrad pattern; highly differentiated
10.13278/j.cnki.jjuese.201502108.
2014-09-15
国家自然科学基金项目(41272223,41340024);中国地质调查局地质大调查项目(1212011120709,1212011220459,1212011085252)
李凤宪(1969--),女,工程师,主要从事工程地质施工和基础地质研究,E-mail:xinht@163.com。
10.13278/j.cnki.jjuese.201502108
P581; P597
A
李凤宪,白新会,万乐,等.内蒙苏尼特右旗吉布胡楞土岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、地球化学特征及地质意义.吉林大学学报:地球科学版,2015,45(2):429-440.
Li Fengxian,Bai Xinhui,Wan Le, et al. Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb Dating, Geochemistry of the Jibuhulengtu Garnet-Bearing Muscovite Granitic Pluton in Mongolia and Its Geological Significance.Journal of Jilin University:Earth Science Edition,2015,45(2):429-440.doi:10.13278/j.cnki.jjuese.201502108.