同现、复现

杨富章

英语语篇的连贯离不开词汇衔接，而英语的词汇衔接关系分为两种：同现和复现。因而对于解决完形填空中的语境理解题，巧用同现复现法尤为有效。

词语同现

“词语同现”，也有人称之为“词场”。一个语篇一定是围绕某个话题进行的，同一话题就会有一些相关联的词汇共同出现。如一篇谈学校生活的文章，有可能共同出现的单词有：teacher，classmate，student，classroom，library，laboratory，computer，score，maths，physics，study，desk，chair，holiday等，这种词汇共同出现的指向性，就叫同现。同现词之间有同义、反义或相对关系，或者同类互补关系等，如differently与in difference，different与same/similar，cruel与friendly，ill与pale/patient/doctor/operation等。我们可以根据这类相关信息确定答案。

例1 Although these wide modern roads are generally and well maintained， with little sharp curves and many straight sections， a direct route is not always the most enjoyable one.

A.stable B.smooth

C.splendid D.complicated

解析 B。本题涉及形容词和名词的同现。与宽阔的现代化公路（wide modern roads）同现的形容词应是“平坦的”。

例2 “Hooray！” shouted the crowd. It was the loudest I had ever heard at a meet. The firstplace runner was two laps ahead of me when she crossed the finishing line.

A.cheer B.shout

C.cry D.noise

解析 句中Hooray， runner， finishing line和 cheer， shout是因果同现词汇，都是体育比赛中的常用词。尽管选项中有shout一词，但由下文two laps ahead of me when she crossed the finishing line可知，cheer（喝彩声）最为贴切，故选A。

词语复现

“词语复现”是指某一个词以原词或同义词等方式在同一语篇中“重复出现”。词语复现又可分为原词复现、同义或近义词复现、反义词复现、同源词复现（又叫同根词复现）、上下义词复现等。了解词语复现这种衔接手段， 有助于快速准确地解答完形填空题。

1.原词复现

有时为了表达需要，在上下文中同一个单词会重复出现。

例3 One man left and the other stayed， but they did not the bird... It was not until five men went into the tower and only four left that they were finally able to fool the crow. （2013年高考广东卷）

A.fool B.hurt

C.catch D.kill

解析 A。答案与下文fool the crow中的fool是原词复现。这里说的是之前fool the bird没有成功，直到不断增加实验的人数才最终成功地fool the crow。这里bird和crow则属于同现。

2.同义词、近义词复现

同义词、近义词复现是指借助意思相同或相近的表达方式或解释性的语言使上下文的语义得以连接起来。

例4 We all know that some things are obviously right. For example， it is right to be kind to other people. It is also right to look after the environment. Some things are wrong， too. For instance， we should not hurt or bully （欺负） others， nor should we litter. Rules often tell us what is right or wrong.

A.equally B.slightly

C.clearly D.increasingly

解析 C。与第一句some things are obviously right相对应，与obviously近义复现的是clearly。

例5 For example， babies about fourteen months old almost always notice if something is taken away from a small group. But when the number goes beyond three or four， the children are fooled.

A.seldom B.temporarily

C.merely D.often

解析 D。由but可知，后文是表示与always notice相对的意思，当数字超过三四个以后，就“常常”能欺骗这些婴儿了。often与always近义词复现。

3.反义词复现

语意的连贯有时是通过采用反义复现形成对比的手段体现的，或者是以反义的方式对前文加以解释，同学们可以从反义的角度判断正确的选项。

例6 A man trying to take a photo of a crow（乌鸦） that had a nest in a tower， but the crow always left when she saw him coming. The bird did not until the man left the tower. （2013年高考广东卷）

A.relax B.recover

C.react D.return

解析 D。与上句中left相对，选return，两者是反义词复现。

4.同源（根）词复现

上下文语义复现的表达，还可借助复现信息的同源词或同根词。（2011年高考广东卷）

例7 Many are concerned that gifted children become bored and lose interest in learning. However， this is more often from parents and teachers than from students.

A.concern B.conclusion

C.reflection D.interest

解析 A。concern （n.担心）与上文的concerned （adj.担心的）是同源（根）词复现。

5.上下义词复现

有时为了表达的需要，作者会先概述再分述。概述时用的是上义词，上义词具有概括的作用。分述则用比较具体的下义词，两者为总分关系。如：instrument是piano/violin/drum等的上义词；adult是parents/teachers/professor等的上义词；occupation是lawyer/doctor/policeman/worker等的上义词。

例8 However， this concern is more often from parents and teachers than from students， and some of these simply conclude that special classes should be set up for those who are talented.

A.students B.adults

C.scholars D.teachers

解析 B。因adults是上文parents and teachers的上义词，只有adults能概括parents and teachers，即这是上下义词复现， 故选B。