精泛式阅读的课堂,跑赢高考

2015-05-30 01:30徐晔华
校园英语·上旬 2015年9期
关键词:课文文章英语

徐晔华

【摘要】本文在对近年来江苏英语高考试卷特点的分析基础上,利用课堂实例对精泛式阅读的课堂教学模式进行了分析、探讨,指出这种模式的特点和优势。

【关键词】江苏英语高考 精泛式阅读课堂

一、近几年江苏高考英语的几个特点

江苏近几年的高考给人的直接感受是越来越难。题量过大还是词汇难度过大?看完这几年的试卷,我们会发现一些高考试卷上的细节变化。首先,做到了原貌呈现地道英语,与中式英语说Bye-bye,不再为了学生的英语程度而生硬地改编原版英文。再者,题材跃出狭小的范围,出现了小说、书评等题材,更多考量学生的知识面。其三,阅读量逐步增加,文章篇幅长,阅读理解后三篇篇幅均超出400字,最后一篇为整整一版、6道阅读理解题,近三年试卷的页数达到了16页。最重要的是试卷侧重于考察学生的critical thinking能力,重视学生在字里行间把握作者的观点、对文章主题方向的把握和单选、完形中对上下文语境的把握。

由此可见,要在高考英语考试中胜出,功夫在平时。在课文阅读的基础上,跳出课本这一方小天地之外,注重知识、跨语言文化的积淀。

二、精泛式阅读的课堂

以往的课本课文教学往往是这样处理的:对课本中课文的处理以往分成两节课处理,一节课方方面面分析全面,另一节把各个细小的语言点分析到位,学生忙碌地跟着老师记了很多笔记,但遗忘率也相当高,效果并不理想。

建构教学理论指出课堂中教师的作用是一个支架的搭建者,学生在教师的帮助下在原有知识基础上自我建构新的内容,而不是教师“填鸭”,满堂讲解。

所以这里我们提出精泛式阅读教学。那什么样的阅读教学才称为精泛式阅读,精泛式阅读有什么特点呢?

1.教材中的精泛式阅读。首先教师需要问自己这样一个问题:高考考什么?单选题部分除了部分语法知识外,主要考察学生语汇的辨识与应用,这种考察建立在单句的小情景中,犹如一个小型的阅读理解。完形与阅读部分除部分考察细节、语汇的搭配,主要侧重考察学生对文章脉络、作者态度、文章主旨的理解把握能力。

那么英语课本中的文章的作用应该是什么?为高考中的阅读服务。因此,课堂上把对文章的理解部分需要浓缩成精华的问题,减少授课时间,但能有效帮助学生深入理解文章。这些问题针对高考中学生难以驾驭的问题,例如:作者观点,文章大意,文章暗示了什么,最佳标题是什么,文章的篇章结构是什么样的,文中某一生僻词汇的具体上下文含义是什么等,帮助学生学会critical thinking,形成对篇章整体的把握及个人对文章理解的表达。从而把力气使在刀刃上,不在学生普遍能驾驭的文章细节问题上过多纠缠。

语言点在同一节课中处理。学生其实无法一次性记忆太多的知识点,讲多了的结果是需要不停“炒冷饭”。因此,语言点的处理不再强调大而全,而主要帮助学生解决影响到文章理解的语言难点:词汇、较难句式等。其中特别重心的地方是某一个新学词汇在其他上下文中的具体含义。例如在mummy s curse一文中:the fresh air disturbed the viruses.这里的disturb并不是打扰,而是外来空气与墓穴内的病毒产生了化学反应,chemical changes.

同时,其他并未影响学生阅读理解文章,但也是重点的词汇搭配运用也需要拎出来,但不需要把知识点方方面面讲全,点到为止,搭配一些小练习。在日后教学中碰到再重复,加强记忆,不需要一下子铺天盖地。例如:expose 暴露,可以在行文中表达使某人接触到某物。这些词都可以在讲解课文时作为重点内容稍作扩展补充,利用情景造句、不同句中expose含义辨析、高考题目复现等形式帮助学生巩固。

这样做的好处在于解决高考中的旧词新意问题。例如,2014年高考中单选题32题: I cant meet you on Saturday.I will be ________ occupied.这道题的正确选项otherwise,在此处的小情景中表示“另外有---”。这样的题型,需要教师在教材介绍RealCine的这篇文章中“---otherwise would be rather dangerous”,以及介绍Attic这部戏剧时的句子 “---this otherwise tragedy” 时加以补充说明。

精泛式阅读的另一个好处是节省了老师的解说时间,给与学生更多练习应用的空间,体现出学生为中心的教学模式特征。课后的巩固以及课文阅读的第二课时中,可以把文章浓缩成一个包含重点语言点的summary之后背诵、任务型填空、选择、同意转换、小作文等练习形式,给与学生自我巩固,加强语感的机会。以下为江苏译林牛津教材Module2 Unit3 Project精泛式阅读练习的学案案例。

第一课时课堂练习部分:

I.multiple choices

1.How is Yangs experiences organized?

A.by time B.by plot

C.by explanation D.by comparison

2.Which of the following is the main reason for Yangs success as an astronaut?

A.He had a strong desire to fly at an young age and he loves technology and science.

B.He is optimistic and in control of himself.

C.He is hard-working,good at controlling himself and bears a high quality in psychology.

D.He scored the very top in all subjects including psychological tests.

II.task-based reading

Yang Liweis 1______to realize his dream *Yang had a strong 4______ to fly in the sky even when he was young.

*Yang worked hard after joining the army and was admitted to a flight school.

*Yang tried his best to 5______ to be a member of the Project “Shengzhou”.

*During the training in the next five years,Yang 6_____ among the top in everything.

*His excellent quality in psychology won him his status as the first astronaut in China.On 15 October 2003,Yang spent 21 hours 7______ the Earth 14 times.

The good 2_____ that enabled him to realize his dream *Yang is strong-minded.

*Yang is hard-working.

*Yang is good at 8________ himself.

Peoples 3______

towards Yang *Yangs superiors have 9_______ in him.

*Chinese take pride in him.

*Young people in the world 10_____ him as a man succeeding in living his dream.

*People all over the world will 11______ his name forever.

III.writing

write about Yangs experiences and your attitude towards hi.

Today,I read an article about Yang Liwei,Chinas first astronaut and I ---

write about your dream and how you will live it

Just as Yang,I have held a dream in my heart for long,that is,---

But its easier said than done.To live my dream,first of all,---

Words and phrases for you to choose from

diligence(n) 勤奋 diligent(adj)勤奋的

determination(n)决心 determined(adj)有决心

insist on--- insistence(n)坚持

concentrate on--- concentration

sacrifice(vt/n)牺牲 motivation(n)动力

devote oneself to--- show devotion to---

sayings for you to choose from

*Where there is a will there is a way.

*Whatever is worth doing is worth doing well.

*Action speaks louder than words.

*Don't aim for success if you want it; just do what you love and believe in,and it will come naturally.

*Hope is faith,holding out its hand in the dark

课后或第二课时练习部分:

IV.summary

Born in 1965,Yang Liwei loved science and technology and had a strong 1d_____ to learn how to fly from a young age.Fortunately,his parents as well as his sister and brother encouraged him to realize his dream.

After 2g_______ from a flight school,he became a pilot.Several years later,he 3a__________ to be a member of Project “Shenzhou”.Only 14 in 1500 4c_______ were selected.Then they spent the next five years being trained.Not only did they study subjects 5r_______ to be an astronaut but also they learnt 6s_______ skills as well as knowledge on spaceships and rockets.Finally,Yang 7s_______ the very top in every subject.

In 2003,only three out of 14 candidates were picked for the Chinese space adventure.Yang took all kinds of tests to 8p______ he was fit for the task.While he didnt score the best on every single test,it was his high scores on psychological tests 9________ finally 10w_______ him his 11s______ of Chinas first astronaut.

According to his 12s_______,Yang was a man hard-working and in control of himself.So they were 13o________ that he would make it.At last,his 14v_____ in space in 15o_____ around the Earth 14 times proved him a success and his name will go 16____ in history.People of China will take pride in him and young people in the world will 17_____ _____ ______ him as an example of a man who managed to 18l_______ his dream.

2.教材外的精泛式阅读。近几年江苏高考的阅读完形文章越来越有“洋味”,越来越地道、原汁原味。高考考前模拟的题目也越来越多采用外文原文而不加以“汉化”的改动,以适应中国学生,而是让中国学生适应原味英文。

因此,英语课本中的文章是远远无法满足这个要求的。教师需要与时俱进,不断地从英文原版文章中寻找素材。而这些文章更不可能像课文文章那样详细讲解,而更需要采用精泛式阅读的教学方法让学生有更多接触时新地道的英语文章,提高他们的阅读兴趣,扩大知识面,培养阅读能力。

这些英语文章的难度需要适合本年级学生的英语水平,不可过于简单,但也不可在高一时就让学生看Times等杂志上的长篇文章,过难只会适得其反。以下是笔者在教学中针对高一、高二年级学生借用文章的出处:网络BBC阅读,21世纪报中学生版,沪江英语,普特英语等出现的美文,空中英语教室等适合中学生的英文杂志。高二后半段至高三阶段可以适当加入英语短片小说、文学评论、时政评论等较长文章。

下面就以BBC随身英语阅读上的一篇小文章为例。

标题 Ive lost it!,文章网址链接:http://www.24en.com/bbc/bbc2/2012-02-17/140000.html

课堂开始部分告知学生阅读这篇文章的目的是通过字里行间体会出作者的态度和写作意图,细节部分需要学生根据上下文猜测部分旧词的新意。在接下来的阅读过程中,引领学生分段落阅读,推导出第一部分为举例,第二部分为如何处理遗失物品。通过分段阅读首先解决了文章的结构问题。然后提问学生为什么作者给出如此的例子,在第二部分引导学生读教授的话,询问学生作者对遗失物品处理有没有想法,从而得出作者对这件事情的态度。到此,文章的理解就结束了。之后,对刚才读到过的句子:“The dish ended up in the lost property office until it was recovered by his mother.”中的“recovered”的含义分析,解释旧词新意,以及“lost jewels belonging to---”中“belonging to---”的用法加以补充说明,帮助学生加深印象。至于文中出现的生词,影响到阅读的解释即可。

三、小结

如果高考是太阳,精泛式阅读时时时刻刻以她为中心,围绕她转动的。精泛式阅读课堂以高考为目标,为其服务。同时精泛式阅读又如同大过太阳的浩瀚宇宙,其阅读量远远超出高考要求的广度、深度,并在阅读的过程中接触地道英语,积累英语词汇等知识,培养英语的语感,帮助学生厚积而薄发,从容应对高考。

综上所述,如今的英语高考绝不是死背课文单词短语,死扣英语语法就能取得高分的时代了。要想跑赢高考,在于平时课内外知识的积累、阅读技巧的培养,在于课内外用在“刀刃上”的、有针对性的、高效的精泛式阅读课堂的应用。

参考文献:

[1]范谊.精泛结合,循环阅读—关于英语阅读教学课堂模式的探讨[J].外语界.1995.04.

[2]马铁立,马铁威.图式模式、语篇模式及其在大学英语阅读教学中的应用[J].齐齐哈尔大学学报(哲学社会科学版).2003.02.

[3]李静.精泛合一,侧重语言能力—英语专业精、泛读语篇教学新探[J].合肥学院报:社会科学版.2009.01.

[4]王琼.格罗模式在英语泛读教学中的应用[J].考试周刊.2008. 35.

[5]张文婷.精泛读结合备战雅思阅读.沪江博客.http://www.hjenglish.com/new/p78149/.

猜你喜欢
课文文章英语
细读课文,让思路清晰起来
背课文的小偷
细致入微的描写让文章熠熠生辉
放屁文章
小处着眼,写大文章
背课文
读英语
做好深化国企改革大文章
酷酷英语林
关于初中课文知识拓展教学的若干思考