定语从句复习指导

李晖

定语从句在英语中使用非常广泛，尤其在交际英语和阅读理解中的使用频率更高。对这个知识点，高考每年都有考查。

[近年真题]

（2014年高考新课标Ⅰ卷）Maybe you are facing an impossible situation. Maybe you have a habit 67 is driving your family crazy.

（2015年高考新课标Ⅰ卷）Id skipped nearby Guilin， a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River 64 are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings （painting）.

分析句子结构，我们不难看出2015年高考新课标Ⅰ卷第64空填that和which都可以。它考查关系代词that/which在定语从句中充当主语，跟2014年的新课标Ⅰ卷的考查重点一样。句中的skip可以理解为go directly to some place。事实上，a dream place可以理解为省略了which is的非限制性定语从句。

另外，每年的高考英语阅读理解部分也会出现大量带有定语从句的长难句式。因此，在高中英语的学习过程中，定语从句是一个必须攻克的难关。

[定语从句的备考点]

定语从句在复合句中的作用相当于形容词，它在句中作定语修饰名词或代词。复习定语从句，首先要注意它的三要素：先行词、关系词和从句。被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的关联词称为关系代词或关系副词。关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which和as，关系副词有when，where和why，它们在先行词和定语从句之间起联系作用，同时在意义上代表先行词并在定语从句中担任一个成分。

[定语从句复习的难点]

解决有关定语从句的问题时，我们可以从四个方面来考虑：1. 确定主从句部分；2. 确定先行词；3. 把先行词放在从句中，看先行词在从句中是做主语、宾语还是状语；4. 选定先行词。

定语从句之所以难，是因为它与汉语的类似句型在组句思维上存在较大的差异，且关系词复杂多样，灵活性很强。学习定语从句，应该注意以下几点：

1. 关系词的确定

正确选择关系词是掌握定语从句的关键。同学们的困惑就在于碰到地点、时间、原因类的先行词时，不知道是用关系代词还是关系副词。如：

I still remember the day that/which we spent together in the forest.

从句还原应该是：We spent the day together in the forest.句中the day作spend的宾语，所以不能用when。先行词指代时间，只能用that/which或when/介词+which连接。如：

I still remember the day when/on which I first came to Beijing.

从句还原应该是I first came to Beijing on the day. the day在定语从句中做时间状语。

The factory that/which we will visit is large.

从句还原应该是：We will visit the factory. the factory在定语从句中做visit的宾语。

先行词指代地点，只能用that/which或where/介词+which连接。如：

The factory where/in which his father works is large.

从句还原应该是：His father works in the factory. the factory在定语从句中做地点状语。

注意 case，situation，point，society，condition，activity，atmosphere等都能理解为表示抽象地点的词，如果它们在定语从句中做状语，关系词用where，意思是“在某种情况下，到某种地步”。如：

Today we will discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language.

2.介词+关系代词

介词后的宾语指代人时，只能用whom，不能用who或that。介词后的宾语指代物时，只能用which，不能用that。

This？is？the？farm？on？which we worked together in the past.

I dont know the person to whom you talked just now.

3.Whose的用法

whose+名词=the+名词+of which=of which+the+名词

whose+物=the+名词+of whom=of whom+the+名词

The？house，？whose window（the window？of？which/of which the window）？is？broken， belongs？to Mr？Smith.

The boy， whose father（the father of whom/of whom the father） is an engineer is Tom.

在定语从句的复习过程中，我们应该加强对句子结构的分析能力，掌握各种句式的基本特征，牢记容易出错的关键点，并且重视在特定的语境中复习语法。

[定语从句在书面表达中的应用]

学好了定语从句，不仅有利于提高阅读理解能力，也能在书面表达中写出一些易得高分的经典句子。

1. 写作中常用的几种定语从句

（1）关系代词who，whom，whose，that，which，as引导的定语从句是作文的一大亮点，尤其是which和as引导的非限制性定语从句在高考范文中更是屡见不鲜。

A sailor who has experienced no storm will never become an excellent sailor. （2015年高考福建卷作文范文）

没经历过暴风雨的水手永远不会成为一名优秀的水手。

From this experience， I have learnt that questioning can serve as a bridge that can help us seek the truth. （2015年高考湖北卷作文范文）

从这次经历中，我领悟到质疑可以成为帮助我们寻求真相的桥梁。

（2）关系副词when，where，why引导的定语从句

The reason why？people？celebrate？the festival is that they believe it is the time when the moon is at its fullest and brightest in the whole year， and people？will？gather together eating mooncakes and appreciating the full moon. （2013年高考辽宁卷满分作文）

人们庆祝这个节日的原因是，他们相信这时候是一年中月亮最满、最亮的时候，人们还会聚在一起吃月饼、赏满月。

（3）“介词+which/whom”引导的定语从句

Yesrs of school life have taught me a lot of things， of which what strikes me most is that we should take care not to hurt others with our words， deliberately or by accident. （2013年高考湖北卷满分作文）

多年的校园生活教会了我很多东西，其中使我印象最深的是我们应该尽量不要用言语伤害别人，无论是有意还是无意。

2. 定语从句的写法

定语从句造句可采用“三步法”：

第一步：写出两个简单句；第二步：在一个简单句中找出一个要修饰的词汇，这个词必须在两个简单句中都有；第三步：把另一个简单句改成定语从句，要特别注意引导词的选择。例如：

第一步：（1）The foreigner is from Canada.（2）He visited our class yesterday.

第二步：在句（1）中找出一个要修饰的词汇：the foreigner。

第三步：用句（2）充当定语从句，the foreigner是先行词，句（2）中的代词he指代the foreigner且在句子中作主语，故用who或that作引导词。

The foreigner who/that visited our class yesterday is from Canada.

3. 定语从句写作的几个易错点

（1）误用关系词

误：I live in Beijing， where is the capital of China.

正：I live in Beijing， which is the capital of China.

误：I have a friend， whos name is Liu Mei.

正：I have a friend， whose name is Liu Mei.

（2）句子残缺

误：There were many students took part in the English competition.

正：There were many students who took part in the English competition.

误：Those who in favor of the proposal， please raise your hands.

正：Those who are in favor of the proposal， please raise your hands.

（3）有多余词

误：The film I saw it last night was really very good.

正：The film I saw last night was really very good.

误：Last week， I returned to the village where I grew up there in my childhood.

正：Last week， I returned to the village where I grew up in my childhood.

（4）定语从句与并列句的混淆

误：In fact， smoking is a bad habit， it does great harm to peoples health.

正：In fact， smoking is a bad habit， and it/which does great harm to peoples health.

误：His parents told him many times not to play beside the river， it didnt help.

正：His parents told him many times not to play beside the river， but it/which didnt help.

最后，笔者针对近两年全国卷中对定语从句的直接考查，给出了一篇定语从句的语篇训练题和10道单句语法填空。希望能够有助于同学们复习定语从句。

语篇训练

As is known to all， China covers more than 9.6 million square kilometers， 1 is the third largest country in the world. The Chinese nation consists of 56 nationalities， 2 the Han Ethnic Group is the largest， making up 90% of the whole. Besides， there are many big rivers in China， the most important 3 are the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. There was a time 4 Chinese economy was far behind many other countries in the world. However， with the development of economy， the days are gone forever 5 the Chinese people were looked down upon， 6 all Chinese are proud.

单句语法填空

7. （2015年高考湖北卷改编） The director， Jack shared a dorm-room in the Film Academy， has already made four films. （share）

8. （2015年高考福建卷改编） China Today attracts a worldwide readership， shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.

9. （2015年高考重庆卷改编） He wrote many childrens books， nearly half of were published in the 1990s.

10. （2015年高考四川卷改编） The books on the desk， covers are shiny， are prizes for us.

11. （2015年高考江苏卷改编） The number of smokers， is reported， has dropped by 17 percent in the past one year.

12. （2014年高考江西卷改编） Among the many dangers sailors have to face， probably the greatest of all is fog.

13. （2014年高考山东卷改编） A company profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.

14. （2014年高考安徽卷改编） The exact year

Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.

15. （2014年高考北京卷改编） I borrow the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week， my classmates recommended to me.

16. （2014年高考重庆卷改编） Well reach the sales targets in a month we set at the beginning of the year.

参考答案 1. which 2. among which 3. of which 4. when 5. when 6. of which 7. with whom 8. which 9. which 10. whose 11. as 12. that/which 13. whose 14. that/which 15. which 16. that/which