Taste masking of cipro fl oxacin by ion-exchange resin and sustain release at gastric-intestinal through interpenetrating polymer network

Taste masking of cipro fl oxacin by ion-exchange resin and sustain release at gastric-intestinal through interpenetrating polymer network

ARTICLEINFO

Article history∶

Received 9 October 2014

Received in revised form

25 November 2014

Accepted 1 January 2015

Available online 17 February 2015

∶

Ion exchange resins

Biopolymers

In vitro&in vivo taste masking

Cipro fl oxacin

Sustain release

Release mechanism and kinetics

The aim of the study was to taste mask cipro fl oxacin(CP)by using ion-exchange resins (IERs)followed by sustain release of CP by forming interpenetrating polymer network(IPN). IERs based on the copolymerization of acrylic acid with different cross linking agents were synthesised.Drug-resin complexes(DRCs)with three different ratios of drug to IERs(1:1, 1:2,1:4)were prepared&evaluated for taste masking by following in vivo and in vitro

methods.Human volunteers graded ADC 1:4,acrylic acid-divinyl benzene(ADC-3)resin as tasteless.Characterization studies such as FTIR,SEM,DSC,P-XRD differentiated ADC 1:4, from physical mixture(PM 1:4)and con fi rmed the formation of complex.In vitro drug release of ADC 1:4 showed complete release of CP within 60 min at simulated gastric fl uid (SGF)i.e.pH 1.2.IPN beads were prepared with ADC 1:4 by using sodium alginate(AL)and sodium alginate-chitosan(AL-CS)for sustain release of CP at SGF pH and followed by simulated intestinal fl uid(SIF i.e.pH 7.4).FTIR spectra con fi rmed the formation of IPN beads.The release of CP was sustain at SGF pH(＜20%)whereas in SIF media it was more (＞75%).The kinetic model of IPN beads showed the release of CP was non-Fickian diffusion type.

©2015 Shenyang Pharmaceutical University.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction

Cipro fl oxacin(CP)has been used for the several diseases such as infection of bones and joints,gastroenteritis and also approved for the treatment of infections,especially urinary tract infections,prostatitis[1].It is a second-generation fl ouroquinolone antibiotic drug having excellent tissue penetration used for both oral and intravenous formulations[2,3]. Although CP has good broad spectrum antibacterial activity,it has bitter taste which becomes palatability challenge and has patients compliance for oral administration.

Oral administration of drug is considered to be the most preferred route for drug delivery.Taste of an oral formulation administered,particularly of bitter drugs,to a child or adult has an important impact on the adherence to drug therapy. Taste masking is an important challenge in drug delivery since drugs dissociate in the patients mouth in close proximity to the taste buds,thereby increasing the patients compliance.A variety of methods are available for taste masking purpose such as microencapsulation with various polymers,coating with polymers lipids,drug resin complexes and using lipophilic vehicles for obstructing the taste buds [4-6].These methods are used to prevent instant drug release, when contact with the taste bud in the oral cavity[7-9]. Among various taste masking techniques,complexation method using ion exchange resins(IERs)is simple,cost effective and does not require more ingredients or organic solvents.

IERs have excellent properties like high ion-exchange capacity,good absorption capacity,physico-chemical stability and their insolubility in any solvents make them suitable candidates as taste masking and sustain release of drugs [10-12].CP has been studied for taste masking and sustain release by some researchers.Pisal et al.studied taste masking of CP using Indion 234 resin and also studied for sustain release of CP at SGF pH by treating polyethylene glycol with CP-Indion 234 complex[13,14].Extended release tablet was prepared by using 500 mg of CP on swellable drug polyelectrolyte matrices by Bermudez et al.[15].

Interpenetrating polymer network(IPN)beads have been used by many researchers for sustain release of drugs in recent years.IPN beads proved to be a novel drug carrier as they have many good properties[16].They are stable, biocompatible,non-toxic and biodegradable which have attracted their use in pharmaceutical fi eld.Chitosan(CS)is environment friendly bio material,non-toxic,biodegradable, biocompatible,hydrophilic and semi-rigid polysaccharide which has been studied for the controlled release of drugs in the present work.CS is derived from naturally occurring chitin by alkaline deacetylation.CS also possesses good mucoadhesive property and several researchers have used CS for the entrapment of drugs[17-20].Sodium alginate (AL)is a polysaccharide and composed of β-D mannuronic acid and α-D-guluronic acid polymer which can vary in proportion and sequential distribution[21].However,the taste masking and sustain release of CP through synthesized IERs based IPN beads using CS and AL biopolymers are relatively new area which prompted us to study them in details.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the synthesised resins for taste masking of CP followed by sustain release at different pH by forming IPN beads with AL and CS biopolymers.The IERs were prepared with different cross linkers and also by varying crosslinking%. These IERs have high ion exchange capacity(＞11 meq/gm), stability and insolubility properties as well as possess high drug loading capacity.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Materials

CP was procured from Corel Pharma(p)Ltd.Ahmedabad, India.Acrylicacid (AA),ethyleneglycoldimethacrylate (EGDMA)and N,N'-Methylenebisacrylamide(MBA)were purchased from Central Drug House,Mumbai,India.Divinyl benzene(DVB)supplied by Merck,Germany was used as received.Benzoyl peroxide(BP)was purchased from Heny fi ne chemicals Vadodara,India.Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate,sodium hydroxide,potassium hydroxide and other chemicals were acquired from S.D Fine Chemicals, Mumbai,India.AL(viscosity:20.0-40.0 CP in 1%water,MW: 7334),CS(medium molecular weight)and cellulose acetate dialysis tube(cut off molecular mass of 12,000)were obtained from Sigma Aldrich,USA.All other reagents used in this study were of HPLC grade and used without further puri fi cation. Millipore water was used for every experiment by Milli-Q plus system(Millipore Corporation Breford,USA).

2.2. Synthesis of IERs

IERs were synthesized by following suspension polymerization technique with some modi fi cations as reported in our earlier work in the presence of n-heptane and isobutanol as diluents[22].Series of AA based IERs were prepared by varying quantities of EGDMA,MBA and DVB.They are coded as AEC-1,AEC-2,AEC-3,AEC-4,ABC-1,ABC-2,ABC-3 ABC-4, ADC-1,ADC-2 and ADC-3 respectively.The details of the synthesis of IERs are given in Table 1.IERs were conditioned by giving alternate treatment of acid(1 N HCl)and base(1 N NaOH)with intermittent water(Millipore water)rinsing for three cycles and fi nally converted to K+form with KOH for further study.

2.2.1. Preparation of drug resin complexes(DRCs)

DRCs were prepared from IERs and drug by following batch method[23].CP was dissolved in Millipore water and swelled IERs were slowly added under constant stirring with a magnetic stirrer(Remimodel no:FHMS-3762,Mumbai,India).Each mixturewasstirred ata speedof500 rpmatroomtemperature for 24 h.The resultant DRCs were separated by centrifugation. The supernatant solution was fi ltered and set for HPLC analysis at 275 nm in order to fi nd out loading of CP on IERs.

IERs showing comparatively higher up take of drug(i.e.＞80%)was chosen from each series to prepare DRCs by varying the ratios of AEC-1,ABC-2 and ADC-3 with CP i.e.1:1,1:2 and1:4(w/w)to study their taste masking property in details.They were designated as AEC 1:1,AEC 1:2,AEC 1:4,ABC 1:1, ABC 1:2,ABC 1:4,ADC 1:1,ADC 1:2 and ADC 1:4 respectively.

Loading of drug was calculated by following eqn.

ADC-3 was chosen for the preparation of physical mixtures (PMs)with CP by mixing in mortar-pestle.They were prepared bythreedifferentratiosandcodedasPM1:1,PM1:2andPM1:4.

2.2.2. In vitro and in vivo taste masking studies

In vitro taste masking study of CP and DRCs prepared with AEC-1,ABC-2 and ADC-3 in different ratios i.e.1:1,1:2 and1:4 (w/w)was carried out at simulated salivary fl uid(SSF)pH 6.8. Pre-decided amount of DRCs was dispersed in 5 ml SSF in conical fl asks separately[24].Samples of 1 ml were withdrawn from the conical fl ask at time intervals of 30 s and fi ltered with 0.45 μm Whatman fi lter paper.The fi ltrates were analysed for CP at 275 nm by using HPLC.This study was performed in triplicate for each sample,and the average values for respective DRCs were reported.

In vivo taste masking study of CP,DRCs prepared with AEC-1,ABC-2 and ADC-3 and PMs prepared with ADC-3 was performed by a panel of 9 Human volunteers in the age group of 18-30yearsof boththesexesfromwhomwrittenconsent was obtained after getting approval from Human Ethic Committee (HEC no.423/2014)of the Government Medical College,Bhavnagar,Gujarat.CP,different ratios DRCs prepared by CP with AEC-1,ABC-2 and ADC-3 IERs i.e.1:1,1:2 and1:4(w/w)and PMs prepared with ADC-3 IER at ratio 1:1,1:2 and 1:4 were placed on tongue by each volunteer separately and taste was evaluated for 30 s resident time by reported method[25].Volunteers were asked to gargle immediately after each evaluation.The bitterness was recorded immediately according to the bitterness scale ranging from 0 to 5(0-No Bitter,1-Threshold Bitter, 2-Slight Bitter,3-Moderate Bitter,4-Bitter and 5-Strong Bitter). The bitterness of DRCs experienced by the volunteers was reported.

2.2.3. Powder X-ray diffraction(P-XRD)

ADC-3,CP,ADC 1:4 and PM 1:4 were investigated by Powder X-ray diffraction(P-XRD,Phillips-X′Pert MPD System)Netherland.P-XRD was recorded from 2°to 60°(2θ)at a scanning speed of 0.3 deg/s.PW3123/00 curved Ni- fi ltered Cu-Kα (λ=1.54056 Å)radiation was used as the X-ray source.

2.2.4. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)

FT-IR was recorded on Perkin-Elmer,GX-FTIR,GX series 49387(Spectrum GX,USA).The samples were mixed with KBr and converted into pellets at 100 Kg pressure using a hydraulic press.The spectra were obtained at the wavelength range 4000-400 cm-1.

2.2.5. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)

SEM images of dried ADC-3,CP,ADC 1:4 and PM 1:4 were recorded by using LEO Instruments(Kowloon,Hong Kong) microscope after the gold sputter coating on desired samples. The samples were prepared in Millipore water and dried on aluminium grids at room temperature prior to SEM analysis.

2.2.6. Differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)

ADC-3,CP,ADC 1:4 and PM 1:4 were assessed by DSC measurements by Mettler Toledo(DSC 822e)Japan.The samples were dried in oven for overnight at 60°C.Ten milligrams of each sample was taken in alumina crucible and heated in the temperature range of 30-450°C,at a 5°C/min heating rate to assess their glass transition behaviour under nitrogen fl ow (20 ml/min).

2.2.7. Preparation of ADC 1∶4-AL and ADC 1∶4-AL-CS IPN beads

A known amount of ADC 1:4 containing 20 mg of CP was mixed with 20 ml of 2%AL aqueous solution and stirred for 2 h to get homogenous suspension.The solution was fi lled in 25 ml syringe having needle size 1.2 mm and poured at a distance of 15 cm height in 0.25 M CaCl2solution under mild stirring at room temperature.The beads formed by ionic gelation were cured for 30 min at room temperature followed by washing with Millipore water and fi nally dried at room temperature until constant weight was obtained.

For the synthesis ADC 1:4-AL-CS IPN beads,ADC 1:4 containing 20 mg of CP was mixed with 20 ml of 2%AL solution. The mixture was stirred for 2 h to get homogenous suspension solution.CS solution containing 2%was prepared separately in acidic media at pH 4.5 under constant stirring at room temperature and mixed in 0.25 M CaCl2solution.The ADC 1:4 containing AL solution was dropped by using 25 ml syringe of needle size 1.2 mm at a distance of 15 cm height with mild stirring in the mixture containing of CS and CaCl2solution. The beads were cured for 30 min at room temperature followed by washing with distilled water and fi nally dried atroom temperature till the constant weight was obtained.Fig.1 shows the schematic diagram for the preparation of ADC 1:4-AL and ADC 1:4-AL-CS IPN beads by ionic crosslinking method.

Mean diameter of dry beads was measured with micrometer screw(Mitutoyo,Japan)and entrapment ef fi ciency(%) of CP in ADC 1:4-AL and in ADC 1:4-AL-CS was determined by HPLC at 275 nm by measuring the left CP in CaCl2solution during the preparation of IPN beads.The entrapment ef ficiency was calculated by using following eqn.

where C1 is the known concentration of CP in ADC 1:4 and C2 is the concentration of CP in CaCl2solution.

2.2.8. High pressure liquid chromatography(HPLC)

The quantitative analysis of drug(CP)was performed using HPLC system of Waters Alliance model with Waters 2996 Photo Diode array Detector.The stationary phase was Enable C18H(Shimadzu).The mobile phase was a mixture 0.25 M H3PO4and acetonitrile in the ratios of 60:40.UV detector was set at 275 nm and oven temperature was maintained at 30°C. The fl ow rate of mobile phase was 1.0 ml/min and the injection volume was 20 μl/ml.The sample temperature was maintained at 10°C.

2.2.9. In vitro release studies

Buffer solution of pH 1.2 simulated gastric fl uid(SGF)was prepared by mixing solutions of 0.2 M HCl and 0.2 M KCl. Buffer solution of pH 7.4 and 6.8 simulated intestinal fl uid(SIF) and simulated salivary fl uid(SSF)were prepared by mixing solutions of 0.1 M KH2PO4and 0.1 M NaOH.In vitro release of CP,ADC 1:4 and PM 1:4 were studied at gastric pH 1.2 by using dialysis bag method.Pre-decided amount of CP,ADC 1:4 and PM 1:4 were dispersed separately in 5 ml buffer solution in activated cellulose dialysis bags[26].The dialysis bags were dipped into receptor compartment containing 100 ml of medium and was shaken at 37±0.5°C at a shaking speed of 100 rpm on Remi shaking water bath(Model no:RSB-12, Mumbai,India),whereas ADC 1:4-AL and ADC 1:4-AL-CS were studied by incubating 10 mg of CP containing IPN beads in 100 ml of SGF(pH 1.2)in 125 ml conical fl ask kept in a shaking water bath at 37±0.5°C at a shaking speed of 100 rpm/min.After 3 h,thebeads were fi lteredand transferred to 100 ml of SIF(pH 7.4)and incubated at 37±0.5°C at a shaking speed of 100 rpm/min.At desired intervals of time, 1 ml sample was withdrawn and replaced with same amount of fresh medium and analysed by HPLC.Receptor compartment was closed to prevent the evaporation losses from the medium.The study was performed for three times.

2.2.10.Drug release kinetics

The drug release kinetics was performed for ADC 1:4-AL and ADC 1:4-AL-CSIPN beads.The results obtainedwere fi tted into two kinetics models;Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas.Higuchi model describes the release of drugs as a square root of time based on Fickian diffusion.

kHis a constant re fl ecting the design variables of the system.The release of drug from complexes was fi tted by Korsmeyer-Peppas model to fi nd out the mechanism of drug release by following equation[27].

where Mt/M∞is the fraction of drug released at time t,K is rate constant and n is the diffusion exponent characteristic of release mechanism.The n value indicates the type of release mechanism.The values of n between 0.45 and 0.85 are due to the diffusion controlled and swelling controlled transport mechanism(anomalous/non-Fickian transport),the values above 0.85 indicate case II transport mechanism(zero order) which indicates polymer relaxation takes place during polymer swelling.

2.2.11.Statistical analysis

All data are presented as mean±standard deviation.Statistical signi fi cance was assessed by using IBM SPSS statistics version 21 software by two-way ANOVA with Duncan's multiple range test.A probability level of p＜0.05 was considered to be statistically signi fi cant.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Drug loading on synthesized IERs

Fig.2 shows the percentage of drug loading on all IERs.The loading of CP was carried out to select the IERs from each series with highest drug loading capacity and to study them in detail for taste masking.The drug loading on IERs was found to be in the range of 72%-92%.IERs with low degree of crosslinking showed high loading of CP whereas the drug loading is low for the IERs of high degree of crosslinking.This trend is due to decrease in the availability of functional groups on the IERs matrix at higher degree of crosslinking.The loading of CP may be due to breaking of the van der Waals forces between the drug molecules of carboxylic groups and ion exchange reaction also takes place during the complex formation between IERs and drug.

3.1.1. Effect of drug loading on different ratios of IERs

The loading of CP on AEC-1,ABC-2 and ADC-3 at 1:1,1:2 and 1:4 ratiosaretabulatedin Table 2.Loading ofCPincreases with the increase in the quantity of IERs and ADC-3 at 1:2 ratio showed higher loading of CP compared to other IERs.

3.1.2. In vivo and in vitro taste masking at SSF pH

Taste masking ef fi ciency of CP,DRCs prepared with AEC-1, ABC-2 and ADC-3 and PMs prepared with ADC-3 were carried out by in vivo and the results are shown in Fig.3A.The statistical analysis showed signi fi cant suppression(P＜0.05) for the drug.The taste masking of CP by different IERs was observed in the following order AEC-1＞ABC-2＞ADC-3.Taste evaluation by volunteers graded ADC 1:4 of ADC-3(value 0.66 Fig.3A)as tasteless as compared to other DRCs.The taste masking value is found to be below 2 which signify the good taste masking of DRCs and this has been explained by Maniruzzaman et al.[25].

In vitro taste masking ef fi ciency of the DRCs prepared with AEC-1,ABC-2 and ADC3 was studied for the release of CP at SSF pH and the results are shown in Fig.3B.The release of CP from DRCs was in the following order AEC-1＞ABC-2＞ADC-3. ADC 1:4 showed only 4.26±0.38%of CP release for a contact time of 30 s ultimately resulting in better taste masking.The probable reason is that at pH 6.8,counter ions available to exchange amine groups present in CP of ADC-3 complex are not suf fi cient due the presence of crosslinked bulky and hydrophobic DVB group which ultimately results in slow release of CP.Whereas faster drug release in case of AEC-1 and ABC-2 is observed as the copolymers possess aliphatic cross-linkers such as EGDMA and MBA which may allow fast release of drug as compared to ADC-3.

3.2. Instrumental analysis and in-vitro drug release studiesBased on in vivo and in vitro taste masking studies CP,ADC-3, ADC 1:4 and PM 1:4 are extensively characterized to prove the complexation of ADC 1:4 with FTIR,SEM,DSC,P-XRD and in vitro drug release.

Fig.4 shows the FT-IR spectrum of ADC-3,ADC 1:4,PM 1:4, and CP.ADC-3 shows peaks at 3423 cm-1,2922 cm-1and 1676 cm-1which represent the stretching frequency of-OH group,-C=C of aromatic ring and-C=O group of aryl acid respectively which con fi rms the formation of ADC-3.CP shows peak at 3379 cm-1which is correspond to-NH stretching and the peaks from 2449 cm-1to 3093 cm-1are due to dimerization of-COO-group present in drug.The peak at 3537 cm-1is due to-OH stretching.The peak at 3379 cm-1corresponds to-NHof CPisabsentin ADC1:4,whichcon fi rms the formation of complex by interacting secondary amine of CP with ADC-3.The peaks at 3093 cm-1to 2449 cm-1are absent due to breaking of acid dimers during complexation.The stretching frequency at 3531 cm-1corresponds to-OH group of CP is also absent which signi fi es the complexation[13]. Spectra of PM 1:4 showed superimposition of CP on ADC-3 ensuring that there is no formation of complex.

Fig.5A shows the SEM images of CP,ADC-3,ADC 1:4 and PM 1:4.Rod-shape structure of pure CP is visualized and it signi fi es the crystalline structure of the drug where as ADC-3 showed amorphous nature.PM 1:4 showed dense clusters and crystals of CP are visualized on the surface of the image which indicates that there is no formation of complex between CP and ADC-3 IER.A signi fi cant change in the morphologies of ADC 1:4 is observed and found to be different from images of CP,ADC-3 and PM 1:4 which clearly indicates an amorphous form of CP have been formed during the complexation of CP with ADC-3.

Fig.5B shows the DSC studies of CP,ADC-3,ADC 1:4 and PM 1:4.ADC-3 did not show sharp peak but showed broad peak in the range of 70°C-146°C which represent the baseline transition of ADC-3.Similar studies for INDION 294 has been reported by Thukaramji et al.[28].CP shows two thermograms peaks at 142°C and 286°C indicating glass transition temperature(Tg)and melting point of drug respectively.The thermograms of ADC 1:4 has shifted to lower temperature 73°C concluding the forming the amorphous nature when complexed with drug.Whereas the endothermic melting peaks of PM 1:4 were found close to the endothermic peak of CP indicates that complex formation in PMs does not take place.The resemblancein thesharpness ofthepeaksofPM 1:4 and CP further supports this observation.

Fig.5C shows the P-XRD analysis of CP,ADC-3,ADC 1:4 and PM 1:4.CP is observed to be crystalline by showing several sharp peaks ranging from 8.33°,9.12°,11.4 8°,13.73°,15.30°, 16.53°,18.90°,19.46°,20.03°,21.15°,22.61°,24.88°,25.9°,26.66°, 27.11°,30.48°,and 35.09°2θ respectively,while ADC-3 is amorphous in nature with no peaks.The ADC 1:4 did not showed diffraction peaks of CP concluding that physical state of CP from crystalline form to amorphous form during theFig.5-(A)SEM images(B)DSC,(C)P-XRD of ADC-3,CP,ADC 1:4,and PM 1:4.(D)Drug release of CP,PM 1:4 and ADC 1:4 at SGF pH 1.2(n=3,=±S.D). formation of complex.This fi nding con fi rms that the entrapped CP is dispersed monomolecularly on ADC-3 matrix[29]. PM 1:4 retained the peaks of CP due to its crystal nature and some diffused peaks due to ADC-3 which indicate that there is no complex formation.

Fig.5D shows the in-vitro drug release studies for CP,ADC 1:4 and PM 1:4 at gastric pH 1.2.The release is observed to be in the following order CP＞PM 1:4＞ADC 1:4.The higher release of CP was observed from PM 1:4 compared to ADC 1:4.This may be due to the complex formation between CP and ADC-3.The displacement of H+with ADC 1:4 results in quick release of CP in SGF media and it is within 60 min and similar result was also reported by Pisal et al.for the release of CP from IERs[14].

3.3. Preparation and characterization of ADC 1∶4-AL and ADC 1∶4-AL-CS beads

ADC 1:4 were designed for sustain release studies by forming IPN beads with AL and CS biopolymers.IPN beads of ADC 1:4-AL and ADC 1:4-AL-CS showed spherical shape.The bead size shown in Table 3 of ADC 1:4-AL was found to be 533±12 μm whereas it was increased up to 932±26 μm for ADC 1:4-AL-CS; this may be due to formation of ionic crosslinking between AL of-COOH and CS of NH3+with Ca2+which ultimately resulted in the increases of bead size.The increases in bead sizes have also reported by previous researchers[30,31].

Fig.6A shows the mechanism of ionic crosslinking with Ca2+between two polymer strands of AL and ionic interaction between CS of NH3+and COOH of AL during the formation of IPN beads[30].The mechanism was con fi rmed by the FTIR spectra.

Fig.6B shows FTIR spectra of ADC 1:4(explained in Section 3.2),ADC 1:4-AL and ADC 1:4-AL-CS beads.In case of ADC 1:4-AL beads,AL show asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of carboxyl anions at 1622 cm-1and 1468 cm-1respectively.Cyclic ether bridge at 1022 cm-1is observed in case of ADC 1:4-AL,con fi rms the entrapment of ADC 1:4 by AL. In case of ADC 1:4-AL-CS,peaks are observed at 1022 cm-1and 1263 cm-1which indicate the stretching of C-O-C of CS.Peak at 1635 cm-1shows the primary amine group of CS and the peak of carboxyl anion is shifted from 1468 cm-1to 1419 cm-1due to ionic bonding of AL with CS.

The entrapment ef fi ciency of ADC 1:4-AL and ADC 1:4-ALCS is tabulated in Table 3 and found to be 91.85±1.22%and 90.28±0.85%respectively which indicate that ADC 1:4 has been well entrapped by the biopolymers matrices.The high entrapment value indicates that during gelation ionic crosslinking takes place between-COOH group of AL and NH3+group of CS.The other reason may be the low pH of the solution causes ionic crosslinking between CS and AL[31].

3.3.1. Drug release pro fi le

The drug release pro fi le of ADC 1:4,ADC 1:4-AL and ADC 1:4-AL-CS at gastric pH i.e.1.2 is presented in Fig.7.The release of CP was completed within 60 min for ADC 1:4 and was found to be 92.53±1.98%.In case of IPN beads of ADC 1:4-AL and ADC 1:4-AL-CS the release of CP was studied for the initial period of 3 h at SGF pH.The rate of drug release was slow (＜20%)for the IPN beads and it follows the following order i.e. ADC 1:4-AL＞ADC 1:4-AL-CS.In SGF pH 1.2 the H+was not able to exchange with DRC-AL-CS IPN beads because there is ionic bonding between-COOH groups of AL and-NH3+groups of CS which restrict the release of drug molecules from DRC-AL-CS beads.

The release of CP from the IPN beads of ADC 1:4-AL and ADC 1:4-AL-CS at SIF pH 7.4 was carried out for 7 h after removing the IPN beads from SGF pH.After 10 h the release of CP from ADC 1:4-AL and ADC 1:4-AL-CS was found to be 88.44±1.74%and 75.24±1.53%respectively.In SIF media the release CP from IPN beads of ADC 1:4-AL was fast compared to the ADC 1:4-AL-CS may be due to the presence of phosphate ions of buffer solution which have high af fi nity for Ca2+and increased the release rate of CP.The slow release of CP from ADC 1:4-AL-CS may be due to the strengthening of IPN beads by ionic interaction between COO-groups of AL and NH3+groups of CS.To demonstrate the above explanation the schematic diagram and photographs representing the drug release mechanism in SGF and SIF media of IPN beads(ADC 1:4-AL-CS)are shown in Fig.8.Fig.8A shows the schematicdiagram of IPN beads at pH 1.2.Fig.8B shows the photographs of IPN beads at pH 1.2 after 3 h Fig.8C shows the complete degradation of ionic crosslinking at SIF pH.Fig.8D shows the photograph of degraded IPN beads at pH 7.4 after 10 h.

3.3.2. Kinetics studies by Higuchi and Korsmeyer Peppas model

The kinetics studies of ADC 1:4-AL and ADC 1:4-AL-CS were carried out by using two models Higuchi and Korsmeyer Peppas model.The values of correlation coef fi cient(r2)and rate constants(k)are tabulated in Table 4.The diffusion exponent‘‘n’’of ADC 1:4-AL and ADC 1:4-AL-CS follows anomalous(non- fi ckian)diffusion in all medium.The n value increased from the ADC 1:4-AL to ADC 1:4-AL-CS IPN beads show the crosslinking effect between the AL and CS.This indicates that mechanism depends on both diffusion and swelling control.The r2was near to unity and shows the best fi t to non fi ckian model[32].

4. Conclusion

IERs with highest drug loading were studied for the taste masking of CP.In vitro and in vivo taste masking studies showedADC 1:4havegoodtastemaskingproperties compared to other DRCs.FT-IR spectra con fi rmed the possible interaction between the drug and IERs.P-XRD and DSC con fi rmed that drug was in amorphous state in the IERs by forming complexes.ADC 1:4 studied for sustain release byforming IPN beads with AL and CS.The CP release was very slow in SGF media and when transferred into SIF media the release of CP was due to the degradation of ionic crosslinking of IPN beads.The kinetic study of model showed the release of CP depends on non Fickian diffusion.

Acknowledgements

One of the authors A Michael Rajesh is thankful to Council of Scienti fi c and Industrial Research(CSIR),New Delhi,for providing Senior Research Fellowship and also acknowledges Dr.Saurav Pal(Director CSIR-CSMCRI)for allowing and providing facilities to carry out the research work in CSIRCSMCRI.The authors also thank Centralized Analytical Facility of CSIR-CSMCRI for analytical support and Dept.of Pharmacology,Govt Medical College,Bhavnagar for in vivo taste masking studies.

REFERENCES

[1]Cooke FJ,Wain J.The emergence of antibiotic resistance in typhoid fever.Travel Intact Dir 2004;2:67-74.

[2]Fisher JF,Meroueh SOS.Bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics:compelling opportunism,compelling opportunity.Chem Rev 2005;105:395-424.

[3]Sandhya RG,McColm JM,Tapin P,et al.Pharmacokinetics in animals and humans of a fi rst-in-class peptide deformylase inhibitor.Antimicrobial Agents Chemother 2004;48:4835-4842.

[4]Douroumis D.Practical approaches of taste masking technologies in oral solid forms.Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2007;4:417-426.

[5]Gowthamarajan K,Kulkarni G,Kumar M.Pop the pills without bitterness.Resonance 2004;9:25-32.

[6]Guo X,Chang RK,Hussain MA.Ion-exchange resins as drug delivery carriers.J Pharm Sci 2009;98:3886-3902.

[7]Kayumba PC,Huyghebaer N,Cordella C,et al.Quinine sulphate pellets for fl exible pediatric drug dosing: formulation development and evaluation of taste-masking ef fi ciency using the electronic tongue.Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2007;66:460-465.

[8]Suzuki H,Onishi H,Takahashi Y,et al.Development of oral acetaminophen chewable tablets with inhibited bitter taste. Int J Pharm 2003;251:123-132.

[9]Katsuragi Y,Mitsui Y,Umeda T,et al.Basic studies for the practical use of bitterness inhibitors:selective inhibition of bitterness by phospholipids.Pharm Res 1997;14:720-724.

[10]Mundada AS,Meshram DR,Banbale HB,et al.Formulation and evaluation of dispersible taste masked tablet of roxithromycin.Asian J Pharm 2008;2:116-119.

[11]Tawakkul MA,Shah RB,Zidan A,et al.Complexation of risperidone with a taste-masking resin:novel application of near infra-red and chemical imaging to evaluate complexes. Pharm Dev Technol 2009;14:409-421.

[12]Shah RB,Tawakkul MA,Sayeed VA,et al.Complexation between risperidone and amberlite resin by various methods of preparation and binding study.Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2009;35:1409-1418.

[13]Pisal S,Zainnuddin R,Nalawade P,et al.Molecular properties of cipro fl oxacin-Indion 234 complexes.AAPS PharmSciTech 2004;5:1-8.

[14]Pisal S,Zainnuddin R,Nalawade P,et al.Drug release properties of polyethylene-glycol-treated cipro fl oxacin-Indion 234 complexes.AAPS PharmSciTech 2004;5:101-106.

[15]Bermudez JM,Jimenez-Kairuz AF,Olivera ME,et al. Cipro fl oxacin extended release tablet based on swellable drug polyelectrolyte matrices.AAPS PharmSciTech 2008;9:924-930.

[16]Lohani A,Singh G,Bhattacharya SS,et al.Interpenetrating polymer networks as innovative drug delivery systems.J Drug Del 2014.Article ID 583612,11 pages.

[17]He P,Davis SS,Illum L.In vitro evaluation of the mucoadhesive properties of chitosan microspheres.Int J Pharm 1998;166:75-88.

[18]Yoshiyoka T,Hirano R,Shioya T,et al.Encapsulation of mammalian cell with chitosan CMC capsule.Biotechnol Bioeng 1990;35:66-72.

[19]Rama Prasad YV,Krishnaiah YSR,Satyanarayana S.In vitro evaluation of guar gum as a carrier for colon speci fi c drug delivery.J Control Release 1998;51:281-287.

[20]Illum L,Farraj NF,Davis SS.Chitosan as a novel nasal delivery system for peptide drugs.Pharm Res 1994;11(8):1186-1189.

[21]Eiselt P,Yeh J,Latwala RK,et al.Porous carriers for biomedical applications based on alginate hydrogels. Biomaterials 2000;21:1921-1927.

[22]Prasad HH,Senger A,Chauhan K,et al.Synthesis of crosslinked methacrylic acid-co-N,N'-methylene bis acrylamide sorbents for recovery of heavy metal ions from dilute solutions.Ind J Chem Tech 2001;8:371-377.

[23]Kim JI,Cho SM,Cui JH,et al.In vitro and in vivo correlation of disintegration and bitter taste masking using orally disintegrating tablet containing ion exchange resin-drug complex.Int J Pharm 2013;455:31-39.

[24]Shukla D,Chakraborty S,Singh S,et al.Fabrication and evaluation of taste masked resinate of risperidone and its orally disintegrating tablets.Chem Pharm Bull 2009;57:337-345.

[25]Maniruzzaman MJS,Boateng M,Bonne fi lle A,et al.Taste masking of paracetamol by hot-melt extrusion:an in vitro and in vivo evaluation.Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012;80:433-442.

[26]Coco R,Plapieda L,Pourcelle V,et al.Drug delivery to in fl amed colon by nanoparticles:comparison of different strategies.Int J Pharm 2013;44:03-12.

[27]Kevadiya BD,Joshi GV,Mody HM,et al.Biopolymer-clay hydrogel composites as drug carrier:host-guest intercalation and in vitro release study of lidocaine hydrochloride.Appl Clay Sci 2011;52:364-367.

[28]Thukaramji SA,Sukdeo MR.Formulation and evaluation of taste masked dispersible tablets of chloroquine phosphate. Int Res J Pharm 2012;3(9):286-292.

[29]Siddiqui A,Shah RB,Khan MA.Oseltamivir Phosphate-Amberlite™IRP 64 ionic complex for taste masking:preparation and chemometric evaluation.J Pharm Sci 2013;102:1800-1812.

[30]Sezer AD,Akbuga J.Release characteristics of chitosan treated alginate beads:I.Sustained release of a macromolecular drug from chitosan treated alginate beads.J Microencapsul 1999;16:195-203.

[31]Anal AK,Bhopatkar D,Tokura S,et al.Chitosan-alginate multilayer beads for gastric passage and controlled intestinal release of protein.Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2003;29:713-724.

[32]Basak P,Adhikari B,Sen AK.Surface cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol)hydrogel for colon targeted drug release.Polym Plast Technol Eng 2011;50:1357-1361.

A.Michael Rajesha,c,Shreya A.Bhatta,Harshad Brahmbhattb, Pritpal Singh Ananda,Kiritkumar Mangaldas Popata,c,*

aReverse Osmosis Membrane Division,Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scienti fi c&Industrial Research(CSIR),G.B.Marg,Bhavnagar 364 002,IndiabAnalytical Discipline&Centralized Instrumentation Facility,Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scienti fi c&Industrial Research(CSIR),G.B.Marg,Bhavnagar 364 002,IndiacAcademy of Scienti fi c and Innovative Research,Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scienti fi c&Industrial Research(CSIR),G.B.Marg,Bhavnagar 364 002,India

*Corresponding author.Reverse Osmosis Membrane Division,Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute,Council of Scienti fi c &Industrial Research(CSIR),G.B.Marg,Bhavnagar 364 002,India.Tel.:+91 278 2562548;fax:+91 278 2567562.

E-mail address:kmpopat@csmcri.org(K.M.Popat).

Peer review under responsibility of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajps.2015.01.002

1818-0876/©2015 Shenyang Pharmaceutical University.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).